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Biochemistry > [2] Class 5- Theisen Fundametal Of Nutrition > Flashcards

[2] Class 5- Theisen Fundametal Of Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What form(s) of metabolism occur(s) in the cytosol?

A

Glycolysis

Pentose phosphate pathway

Fatty acid synthesis

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2
Q

What form(s) of metabolism occur(s) in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

TCA

Oxidative phosphorylation

ß-oxidation of FAs

Ketone body formation

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3
Q

What form(s) of metabolism occur(s) in the interplay between both cytosol and mitochondrial matrix:

A

Gluconeogenesis

Urea synthesis

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4
Q

7 forms of metabolism:

A 
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen metabolism
FA metabolism
Citric acid cycle 
Oxidative phosphorylation
AA metabolism
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5
Q

What organ can carry out all of the reactions in the major pathways?

A

Liver

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6
Q

3 key points in metabolism:

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

Pyruvate

Acetyl-CoA

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7
Q

3 major elements of energy in body/foodstuff?

A

Sugars, proteins, lipids

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8
Q

What dictates insulin/glucagon response or BG detection?

A

Liver

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9
Q

Central component to all of metabolism

A

Carbon

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10
Q

Carbohydrates and protein are both 4 kcal/g. So, if you eat the same amount, there is no difference in energy consumed, right?

A

No, there is a difference because of the different pathways the food req’s for breakdown..different amt’s of energy are required to break down either

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11
Q

In what form does the body provide energy for the metabolism [breaking down] and catabolism [forming] of biomolecules?

A

In the form of ATP

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12
Q

Biomolecules built from AA’s

Critically important in cell life

A

Proteins

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13
Q

3 functions of proteins:

A

Fuel supply[TCA cycle->ATP production]

Structural support [elastin,keratin]

Activity[enzymes]

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14
Q

Where can several AA’s be found in metabolism

A

As intermediates

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15
Q

Nitrogen-containing carboxylic acids

Proteinogenic AAs Serve as basic building blocks of peptides and proteins

AA function as precursors of biologically important molecules:
-acetyl CoA, heme, melanin, amines, hormones(insulin/glucagon)

A

Amino acids

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16
Q

What kind of amino acids are required for maintaining health?

A

Essential AA’s

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17
Q

What is an effect of not consuming enough essential AA’s?

A

Negative nitrogen balance

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18
Q

Organic molecules

Made up of C,H,O (3-9C[H2O])

Important fuel stores

Critical molecules control of human metabolism- catabolic

Carbon skeletons used for synthesis of the other important biomolecules-anabolic

A

Carbohydrates

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19
Q

4 common dietary carbohydrates:

A

Starch
Sucrose
Dietary fiber
Lactose

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20
Q

The nutritional reservoir in CH of plants

Polysaccharide of glucose

Amylose and amylopectin

A

Starch

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21
Q

The unbranched glucose polysaccharide in plants

A

Amylose

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22
Q

The branched glucose polysaccharide in plants

A

Amylopectin

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23
Q

The natural sweetener and found in fruits and vegetables

Disaccharide of glucose and fructose

A

Sucrose

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24
Q

Plant origin carbohydrate

A

Dietary fiber

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25
Q

The major dietary carbohydrates of animal origin

Disaccharide of glucose and galactose

A

Lactose

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26
Q

This condition is d.t the body’s inability to easily digest lactose [gas,belly pain, bloating]

A

Lactose intolerance

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27
Q

Simplest form of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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28
Q

Ex of monosaccharide:

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose

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29
Q

Two monosaccharides:

A

Disaccharide

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30
Q

Ex of disaccharides:

A

Maltose, lactose, sucrose

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31
Q

3-10 monosaccharides

A

Oligosaccharide

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32
Q

Ex of oligosaccharide:

A

Glycolipids and glycoproteins

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33
Q

> 10 monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

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34
Q

Ex of polysaccharides:

A

Glycogen, starch, cellulose

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35
Q

Diastereomers that differ in configuration of only one stereogenic (chiral) center

A

Epimers

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36
Q

What is more stable open-chain or ring structure?

A

Ring structure

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37
Q

Monosaccharides exist in sol’n mainly as _____ structure?

A

Ring

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38
Q

How are glycosidic bonds formed?

A

By the hydrolysis of starch

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39
Q

A polysaccharide of glucose residues linked w/ a alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond

A

Starch amylose

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40
Q

Amylose w/ addition of alpha-1,6 glycosidic branch

A

Amylopectin

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41
Q

Major plant polysaccharide

Unbranded polymer of glucose residues joined by ß-1,4 linkages, allowing to form very long and straight chains

A

Cellulose

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42
Q

Why does cellulose/starch and glycogen favor bent structure ?

A

More suitable for storage

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43
Q

Major component of DNA

A

Deoxyaldose

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44
Q

Components of glycoproteins and glycolipids

Important in cell signaling, adhesion

A

Acetylated Amino sugars

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45
Q

Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. Present in cell membrane and in ECM

A

Acidic sugars

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46
Q

Constituted the gangliosides in oligodendrocytes of NS

A

Sugar esters

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47
Q

Food additives, gains importance in uncontrolled diabetes leading to cataracts and peripheral neuropathy; used in synthesis of lipids

A

Sugar alcohols

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48
Q

Why is high fructose corn syrup so fattening?

A

It bypasses a major regulatory step in glycolysis, entering at step 5 [DHAP=easily converted to glycerol-becomes fat easily] This disrupts fuel metabolism and increases productions of lipids since DAG can be converted to glycerol-3-phosphate and then into triacylglycerols

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49
Q

What is the catch w/ the glycemic index?

A

I only measures BG levels and b/c it is low in glucose doesnt mean it is low in kcal

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50
Q

Are artificial sweeteners on Glycemic index?

A

Yes and theyre > 0

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51
Q

What can stimulate insulin release

A

Modified sugar alcohols

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52
Q

What’s the good sweetener?

A

Stevia 0 kcal and natural sugar

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53
Q

Water insoluble biomolecules that’re highly soluble in organic solvents
Membrane constituents
FA are key constituents

A

Lipids

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54
Q

_________ properties of lipids are d/t the FAs

A

Hydrophobic

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55
Q

What contributes hydrophobic properties f lipid?

A

FAs

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56
Q

What’re building blocks of phospholipids and glycolipids, components of biological membranes?

A

FAs

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57
Q

What type of FA have highest energy?

A

Saturated FA

58
Q

Critical enzyme for lipid digestion

A

Lipase

59
Q

Where are FA oxidized to generate ATP?

A

Mitochondria

60
Q

FA oxidized or reduced?

A

Oxidized

61
Q

EFAs?

A

Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
Arachidonic acid `

62
Q

Why is it called EFA?

A

Our body cant produce it

63
Q

Introduction of a double bond in FA ________ potential energy

A

Reduces

64
Q

How are trans fats metabolized?

A

They aren’t able to be metabolized. They increase cholesterol because the body can only metabolize Cis fats

65
Q

Digests short and medium chain FAs in oral cavity:

A

Lingual lipase

66
Q

Digest short and medium chain FAs in gastric cavity:

A

Gastric lipase

67
Q

Digest triacylglycerols in small intestine

A

Pancreatic lipase w/ colipase

68
Q

Digests phospholipids in small intestine

A

Phospholipase

69
Q

Digest cholesterol esters in small intestine

A

Cholesterol esterase

70
Q

Fatty acid derived vitamins:

A

A,D,E,K

71
Q

FA dervied vitamins can be important in:

A

Signaling

72
Q

Cholecalciferol

A

Vitamin D3

73
Q

What is the bioactive form of Vit D and is derived from vit D2 and D3?

A

Calcitriol

74
Q

How id Vit D produced?

A

Exposure of UV light on skin

75
Q

Where is Vit K1 obtained from?

A

Leafy green vegetables

76
Q

Vitamin K2 is synthesized by

A

bacteria in the large intestine and colon

77
Q

Vit D is ______-derived

A

Cholesterol

78
Q

2 ways Vit D is produced:

A

In the intestine and in the skin by UV exp.

79
Q

Liver makes _______ and kidney makes the active for _______

A

Calciferol; calcitriol

80
Q

Scientific name for calcitriol

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

81
Q

Vit D intestinal rxn:

A

Ergocalciferol (D2)

Cholecalciferol (D3)

82
Q

Skin precursor to cholecalciferol (D3)

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

83
Q

When cholecalciferol (D3) in either skin or intestine, where does it travel? What does it become?

A

Liver;

25-hydroxycholecaliferol

84
Q

What is the enzyme in the liver that converts cholecalciferol to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol?

A

25-hydroxylase

85
Q

After rxn in liver by 25-hydroxylase, where does resulting 25-hydroxycholecalciferol travel? What is produced? By what enzyme,?

A

Kidney;
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [calcitriol];
1-alpha-hydroxylase

86
Q

Regulation of calcitriol [active vit D] +/-?

A

+: PTH

-: calcitriol

87
Q

What is asso. W/ vit k?

A

Blood clotting

88
Q

What enzyme asso w/ vit k is asso. W/ clotting?

A

Gamma-carboxylase

89
Q

What is vit k function w/gamma-carboxylase?

A

Cofactor for clotting

90
Q

How does warfarin function?

A

Inhibits gamma carboxylase by inhibiting its cofactor (vit k) `

91
Q

What is req’d for coagulation in gamma carboxylase rxn ?

A

CO2
O2
Vit K hydroquinione (active)

92
Q

Why do energy drinks and vitamins boost energy?

A

They provide substances that fit into TCA cycle- increase action of cellular respiration

93
Q

Req’d minerals in diet:

A

Na+,K+,Cl- electrolyte
Ca+, P, Mag, Fe, S mineral
I,Se,Cu,Zn. Trace mineral
Mn,F,Cr, Mo ultratrace mineral

94
Q

Why do low vitamins/minerals affect activity?

A

Theyre req’d for certain molecular processes by the proteins/enzymes that complete the processes

95
Q

Small organic molecules often derived from vitamins, what’re they called when tightly bound?

A

Coenzymes ; prosthetic groups

96
Q

Oxidation state of Fe when being transported in circulation:

A

3+, b/c it wants to be unrecognizable and not uptaken by any tissue/cell until destination is found

97
Q

Oxidation state of Fe when entering in cell/tissue from circulation:

A

2+, this is recognizable for cells/tissues

98
Q

Transport molecule for Fe

A

Transferrin q

99
Q

Specific Fe pore:

A

Ferroportin

100
Q

In order to enter cell Fe3+ must become Fe2+. This occurs by what enzyme? What vitamin is req’d for this enzyme to function?

A

Ferric reductase;

Vitamin C

101
Q

Energy req’d to maintain life:

A

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

102
Q

A linked series of chemical reacitons that begins w/ a particular molecule and converts it into some other molecules or molecules in a carefully defined fashion

A

Metabolism

103
Q

Which enzymes predominant in the interdependent metabolism pathways coordinated by sensitive means of communication?

A

Allosteric

104
Q

Those that convert energy from fuels into biologically useful forms

A

Catabolic

105
Q

Those that req’ inputs of energy tp proceed

A

Anabolic

106
Q

Universal currency of free energy

A

ATP

107
Q

Which bond of ATP is most labile

A

Gamma

108
Q

What is the significance of ATP ?

A

High energy bonds

109
Q

An important form of cellular energy transformation

A

Phosphoryl-transfer potential

110
Q

Serves as the principal immediate donor of free energy

A

ATP

111
Q

ATP molecule is consumed within a _______ of its formation

A

Minute

112
Q

Total quantity of ATP in the body is limited to

A

100 g

113
Q

Turnover of small ATP quantity [100 g]:

A

Is very high

114
Q

Human ATP consumption in 24 hours

A

40 kg

115
Q

Strenuous exertion of ATP may be as high as ____kg/min

A

0.5

116
Q

Important source of cellular energy

A

Oxidation of carbon fuels

117
Q

Having mechanisms for regeneration of ATP=

A

Vital

118
Q

Activities that req’ ATP:

A

Motion, active transport, signal amplification, and biosynthesis

119
Q

One of the primary roles of catabolism

A

Generation of ATP

120
Q

Fuel molecules composed of carbon are oxidized to

A

CO2, resulting e-are captured and used to regenerate ATP from ADP

121
Q

How many kcal/g in alcohol

A

7 kcal/g

122
Q

Crucial for maintaining health:

A

Essential AA

123
Q

What happens if inadequate diet of Essential AA:

A

Negative nitrogen balance

124
Q

Why are there EFA?

A

We cant make the cis bond. that’s why there’s no way to digest…

125
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins cant be absorbed if:

A

there’s is a bile/emulsification error

126
Q

Where does vit d become activated?

A

Kidney

127
Q

What hormone would increase activation of Vit D?

A

PTH and low PO4

128
Q

Function of Vit D?

A

Reabsorption of Ca+

129
Q

Important serve of energy

A

Oxidation of carbon fuels

130
Q

Ultimate electron acceptor

A

O2

131
Q

Oxidation product

A

CO2

132
Q

Saturated=

A

Reduced and more PE!

133
Q

How does the oxidation of carbon take place?

A

When a fuel is oxidized, the oxidation takes place one carbon at a time

134
Q

Potential energy in saturated vs. polyunsaturated

A

Saturated has more potential energy

135
Q

Carbon-oxidation energy cen be used to create ion gradients or

A

High phosphoryl-transfer potential —-both endpoints = ATP

136
Q

Bond is broken and immediate energy=

A

Redox or ADP

137
Q

Energy from foodstuffs is extracted in how many stages?

A

3

138
Q

Stage I:

A

degradation and absorption

139
Q

Stage II

A

Sugars and FAs converted to acetyl CoA-some ATP produced

140
Q

Stage III

A

Aerobic respiration- most ATP made

141
Q

Metabolic processes are regulated 3 principal ways, by controlling:

A

Amt.’s of enzymes

Catalytic activity

The accessibility of substrates

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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