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Bio211 > 2: chapter 20 > Flashcards

2: chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

returns 15% of fluids that leaked from blood vessels back to the blood

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2
Q

what does the lymphatic system consists of? (3 things)

A
  • network of lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
  • lymph- fluid in vessels
  • lymph nodes-cleanse lymph
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3
Q

what do lymphoid organs and tissues do ?

A
  • provide a structural basis of immune system

- house phagocytic cells and lymphocytes

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4
Q

what are examples of lymphic organs/tissues?

A
  • spleen
  • thymus
  • tonsils
  • lymph nodes
  • lymphoid tissues, nodules, and MALT
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5
Q

What are lymphatic vessels also known as

A

lymphatics

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6
Q

what is the function of he lymphatic vessels/lymphatics

A
  • return interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back into the blood
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7
Q

how much interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins do you lose a day?

A

3L

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8
Q

once interstitial fluid enters lymphatics what is it then called?

A

lymph

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9
Q

what direction does lymph flow?

A

toward the heart

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10
Q

what kind of system are the lymphatic vessels?

A

one way system

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11
Q

what do lymph vessels/ lymphatics include?

A
  • lymphatic capillaries
  • collecting lymphatic vessels
  • lymphatic trunks and ducts
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12
Q

what do lymphatic trunks and ducts do?

A

return to the subclavian vein

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13
Q

lymphatic capillaries are similar to blood capillaries except:

A
  • very permeable
  • endothelial cells overlap loosely to form one way minivalves
  • increased ECF volume opens minivalves
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14
Q

how do pathogens travel throughout the body?

A

lymphatics

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15
Q

*what are lymphatic capillaries absent from?

A
  • bones
  • teeth
  • bone marrow
  • CNS
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16
Q

lymphatic vessels are similar to veins except:

A
  • thinner walls
  • more internal valves
  • anastomose more frequently
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17
Q

how many ducts can lymph be delivered into?

A
  • 2
  • right lymphatic duct
  • thoracic duct
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18
Q

how does lymph deliver into the right lymphatic duct

A
  • drains right upper arm and right side of head and thorax

- smaller pathway

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19
Q

how does lymph deliver into the thoracic duct

A
  • thoracic duct arises as cisterna chyli; drains rest of body
  • larger pathway
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20
Q

where is lymph emptied and where does it reenter?

A

lymphatic ducts empty lymph into venous and reenters into the subclavian vein

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21
Q

what are lymphocytes known as?

A

the warriors of the immune system

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22
Q

where are lymphocytes from

A

red bone marrow

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23
Q

what do lymphoid cells mature into?

A
  • T cells (T lymphocytes)

- B cells (B lymphocytes)

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24
Q

what do T cells and B cells protect against

A

antigens

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25
Q

what is an antigen

A
  • anything the body perceives as foreign

- examples: bacteria, bacterial toxins, viruses, mismatched RBC’s, cancer cells

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26
Q

what is the function of T cells

A
  • manage immune system
  • “mark for destruction”
  • attack and destroy infected cells
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27
Q

what is the function of B cells

A
  • produce plasma cells (which secrete/produce antibodies)
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28
Q

what do plasma cells secrete/ produce

A

antibodies

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29
Q

what do macrophages do

A
  • fight foreign substances

- help activate T cells

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30
Q

what do dendritic cells do

A
  • capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes

- activate T cells “later”

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31
Q

what do lymphoid tissues do

A
  • houses and provides a grow site for lymphocytes

- surveillance for lymphocytes and macrophages

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32
Q

what kind of tissue is lymphoid tissue

A

reticular connective tissue - loose

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33
Q

what does lymphoid tissue diffuse

A

diffuses lymphoid tissue of lymphoid cells and reticular fibers in every body organ

34
Q

describe lymphoid follicles

A

solid spherical bodies of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers

35
Q

where are lymphoid follicles located

A
  • germinal centers of proliferating B cells
  • may form part of larger lymphoid organs
  • isolated aggregations of Peyer’s Patches, ileum, small intestine, and appendix
36
Q

what are lymphoid follicles also known as

A

nodules

37
Q

where are lymph nodes located

A
  • embedded in connective tissue
  • clusters along lymphatic vessels
  • near body surface in inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions
38
Q

*where are lymph nodes highly concentrated

A
  • cervical
  • axillary
  • inguinal
39
Q

what are the functions of the lymph nodes

A
  • filter lymph- destroy microorganisms and debris

- immune system activation’s- activated and mount attack against antigens

40
Q

what are some antigens the lymph nodes attack

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses (intracellular parasite)
  • fungi
  • protozoans (large) - (mallard, giardia)
41
Q

what is the structure of a lymph node

A
  • vary in shape and size but most are bean shaped

- has a capsule and trabeculae

42
Q

what are the two histologically distinct regions of a lymph node

A
  • cortex (outer) (B cells)

- medulla (inner)

43
Q

what does the cortex of a lymph node contain

A
  • follicles with germinal centers, heavy with dividing B cells
44
Q

where does T cells circulate continuously

A

among blood, lymph nodes, and lymph

45
Q

describe the medullary cord structure of a lymph node

A

extend inward from the cortex

46
Q

what is contained in the medullary cords

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • plasma cells
47
Q

what is the largest lymphoid organ

A

spleen

48
Q

what is the spleen served by

A

splenic artery and vein

49
Q

where does the splenic artery and vein enter and exit

A

at the hilum

50
Q

what are the functions of the spleen

A
  • site of lymphocyte growth and immune surveillance and response
  • cleanses blood of aged cells and platelets, macrophages remove debris
51
Q

what are some additional features of the spleen

A
  • stores breakdown products of RBC’s (ex. iron)
  • stores blood platelets
  • site of fetal erythrocyte production (makes RBC’s for fetal)
  • contains lymphocytes, macrophages, and erythrocytes
52
Q

what are the structures of the spleen?

A
  • white pulp

- red pulp

53
Q

what structure makes up majority of the spleen

A

red pulp

54
Q

where is white pulp found?

A
  • around central arteries

- sometimes veins

55
Q

what is white pulp mostly consisted of

A

lymphocytes

56
Q

when is the functions of the thymus most important

A

early in life

57
Q

where is the thymus located

A

found in neck and partially overlies the heart

58
Q

when is the thymus most active?

A

during childhood

59
Q

does the thymus increase or decrease in size?

A

increase

60
Q

when does the thymus stop growing?

A

during adolescence and gradually atrophies

61
Q

does the thymus have any function after it atrophies

A

still produces immunocompetent cells, slowly

62
Q

what are most thymic cells

A

lymphocytes

63
Q

what does the cortex contain

A

rapidly diving lymphocytes and scattered macrophages

64
Q

what is the thymic corpuscle involved in

A

regulatory T cell development

65
Q

how does the thymus differ from other lymphoid organs

A
  • contains no follicles
  • does not directly fight against antigens
  • functions strictly in T cell maturation
66
Q

why doesnt the thymus contain follicles

A

because it lacks B cells

67
Q

what is the thymus known as

A

“bootcamp”

“training”

68
Q

what does it mean when T lymphocytes become immunocompetent

A
  • fully trained

- ready for deployment

69
Q

what is MALT

A

mucosa- associated Lymphoid tissue

70
Q

where is MALT located

A

in lymphoid tissues throughout the body

71
Q

what does MALT do

A

protects from pathogens

72
Q

what are the largest collections of MALT

A
  • Tonsils
  • peyers patches
  • appendix
73
Q

where are some other examples of where MALT is located

A
  • respiratory organs
  • genitourinary organs
  • rest of digestive tract
74
Q

what is the simplest lymphoid organ

A

tonsil

75
Q

what are the tonsils

A
  • palatine (back of throat)
  • lingual (tongue)
  • pharyngeal (nasopharynx)
  • tubal (auditory tubes)
76
Q

what is the function of tonsils

A

gather and remove pathogens in the air and food

77
Q

what do tonsils contain

A

follicles with germinal centers

78
Q

what are crypts

A

caves/traps

79
Q

what is the function of crypts

A
  • trap and destroy particulate matter

- allow immune cells to build memory for pathogens

80
Q

where is the peyers patches located

A
  • in wall of distal portion of small intestine (ileum)

- similar structures are found in the appendix

81
Q

what is the function of peyers patches and appendix

A
  • destroy bacteria

- prevent bacteria from breaching intestinal wall

82
Q

what happens to the number of lymphocytes at and after birth

A
  • after: high numbers of lymphocytes

- at birth: poor

Bio211 (2 decks)

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