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T3 Clinical Assessment > 2 Cervical Spine > Flashcards

2 Cervical Spine Flashcards

1
Q

What (additional) facet joints are often included in the examination of the C-Spine?

A

four facet joints in 2 upper thoracic vertebrae (T1-T2)

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2
Q

In which direction do superior facets of C-spine face? Inferior facets?

A
  • sup: superiorly, posterior and medially
  • inf: inferiorly, anterior and laterally
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3
Q

rotation and side flexion in the c-spine requires ___ ___ between bilateral facet joints

A

coupled movement

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4
Q

What’s normal lordotic curve of c-spine?

A

30°-40°

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5
Q

Where does greatest flexion-extension occur in c-spine?

A

C5-C6 (hence most commonly injured/degenerated level)

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6
Q

TVPs of c-spine are made up of 2 parts. These are:

A
  1. anterior portion: provides the foramen for the vertebral artery
  2. posterior portion: containing articular facets​
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7
Q

What’s the aka for the upper cervical spine?

A

cervicoencephalic spine

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8
Q

Which segments have no discs in the c-spine?

A

C0-C2

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9
Q

What are the movement ranges for the atlanto-occipital joint (C0-C1)?

A
  • flexion-extension: 15°-20°
  • lateral flexion 10°
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10
Q

What are the movement ranges for the atlanto-axial joint (C1-C2)?

A
  • flexion-extension: 10°
  • lateral flx: 5°
  • rotation: 50°
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11
Q

What’s the aka for a pivot joint?

A

trochoid joint

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12
Q

What’s the first palpable SP of the c-spine?

A

C2

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13
Q

What’s the aka for lower cervical spine?

A

cervicobrachial spine

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14
Q

What vertebrae are included in the cervicobrachial/lower c-spine?

A

C3-C7

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15
Q

What are available movements of the atlanto-occipital joint?

A
  • flx
  • ext
  • lat flx
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16
Q

What are available movements of the atlanto-axial joint?

A
  • flx
  • ext
  • rotation
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17
Q

What are available movements of the intracervical region joints (C2-C7)?

A
  • flx
  • ext
  • rotation
  • lat flx
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18
Q

What’s resting position of the c-spine?

A

midway between flexion and extension

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19
Q

What’s close packed position of the c-spine?

A

full extension

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20
Q

What’s the capsular pattern for the c-spine (in order of most to least limited motions)?

A
  • side flexion and rotation (equally limited)
  • extension
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21
Q

Radicular symptoms do not go down the arm for a __ nerve root injury and above

A

C4

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22
Q

What are the Grades of the Watkins Severity Scale: Neurological Deficit?

A
  1. Unilateral arm numbness or dysesthesia; loss of strength
  2. Bilateral upper extremity loss of motor and sensory function
  3. Ipsilateral arm, leg, and trunk loss of motor and sensory function
  4. Transient quadraparesis (temporary sensory loss in all 4 limbs)
  5. Transient quadriplegia (temporary motor loss in all 4 limbs)
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23
Q

What are the Grades of the Watkins Severity Scale: Time Symptoms Present?

A
  1. Less than 5 mins
  2. Less than 1 hour
  3. Less than 24 hours
  4. Less than 1 week
  5. Greater than 1 week
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24
Q

What are the Grades of the Watkins Severity Scale: Central Canal Diameter

A
  1. > 12 mm
  2. Between 10-12 mm
  3. 10 mm
  4. 8-10 mm
  5. < 8 mm
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25
Q

What are rule outs for the c-spine?

A
  • TMJ: 3 knuckle test
  • Shoulder tests (just flexion and abduction [palm down until 90° then palm up for rest of abduction]) with overpressure
  • VBA (vertebral basilar artery)
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26
Q

How is the vertebral basilar artery test performed?

A

Px supine, passively extend, laterally flex and ipsilaterally rotate head and have them count to 30. Watch eyes for abnormal movements and listen for alterations in verbal count. (or can do with patient seated doing neck movements actively)

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27
Q

What’s average flexion range for the c-spine?

A

80°-90°

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28
Q

What’s average extension range for the c-spine?

A

70°

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29
Q

What’s average lateral flexion range for the c-spine?

A

20°-45° each way

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30
Q

What’s average rotation range for the c-spine?

A

70°-90° each way

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31
Q

Overpressure is applied at end of all c-spine movements except…

A

extension

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32
Q

Where are the best places to palpate the neck during flexion?

A
  • C0-C1: between mastoid process and TVP of C1
  • C1-C2: palpate arch of C1 and SP of C2
  • Rest of cervical spine: between SP at each level
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33
Q

What’s normal end feel for neck flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation?

A

all: tissue stretch

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34
Q

During ARROM, weakness without pain suggests:

A

nerve root problems (myotome)

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35
Q

What muscles perform flexion at the head?

A
  • rectus capitis anterior
  • rectus capitis lateralis
  • longus capitis
  • hyoid muscles
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36
Q

What muscles perform flexion at the neck?

A
  • longus colli
  • longus capitis
  • infrahyoids
  • suprahyoids
  • scalenes ant/post/med
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37
Q

What muscles perform extension at the head?

A
  • splenius capitis
  • semispinalis capitis
  • longissimus capitis
  • spinalis capitis
  • trapezius
  • RCP min/maj
  • obliquus capitis sup/inf​
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38
Q

What muscles perform extension at the neck?

A
  • splenius cervicis/capitis
  • semispinalis cervicis
  • longissimus cervicis
  • illiocostalis cervicis
  • spinalis cervicis
  • interspinalis cervicis
  • trapezius
  • RCP Maj
  • Rotatores
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39
Q

What muscles perform lateral flexion at the head?

A
  • trapezius
  • splenius capitis
  • longissimus capitis
  • semispinalis capitis
  • obliquus capitis inferior
  • rectus capitis lateralis
  • longus capitis
  • SCM
40
Q

What muscles perform lateral flexion at the neck?

A
  • levator scapulae
  • splenius cervicis
  • iliocostalis cervicis
  • longissimus cervicis
  • semispinalis cervicis
  • multifidus
  • intertransversarii
  • scalene
  • SCM
  • obliquus capitis inferior
  • rotatores breves/longi
  • longus colli
41
Q

What muscles perform rotation at the head?

A
  • trapezius
  • splenius capitis
  • longissimus capitis
  • semispinalis capitis
  • obliquus capitis inferior
  • SCM
42
Q

What muscles perform rotation at the neck?

A
  • levator scapulae
  • illiocostalis cervicis
  • longissimus cervicis
  • semispinalis cervicis
  • multifidus
  • intertransversarii
  • scalene
  • SCM
  • obliquus capitis inferior
  • rotatores brevis/longi
43
Q

What does Spurling’s test for?

A

tests for possible cervical radiculopathy

44
Q

What’s the aka for Spurling’s test?

A

Foraminal Compression Test

45
Q

What’s a positive sign for Spurling’s test?

A

pain radiating into the arm toward which the head is side flexed during compression

46
Q

What are the implications of Spurling’s test? What impairments might symptoms suggest?

A
  • test positions narrow the IVFs so may lead to symptoms: stenosis, cervical spondylosis, osteophytes, trophic, arthritic or inflamed joints, herniated disc or vertebral fractures
47
Q

What does the Cervical Compression test for?

A

tests for possible cervical radiculopathy

48
Q

What’s the positive sign for Cervical Compression test?

A

pain radiating into the arm(s)

49
Q

What are the implications of the Cervical Compression test?

A
  • intervertebral foramen closes maximally during the test
50
Q

What’s the purpose of the Distraction test?

A

to alleviate symptoms of radicular nature

51
Q

What’s a positive sign for the distraction test?

A

pain relieved or decreased when head is lifted or distracted

52
Q

What are the implications of the distraction test? What can I ask px to do that would increase test effects?

A
  • if px abducts arms while traction is applied, symptoms often further alleviate, especially C4/C5 nerve root involvement
  • can be done if radicular symptoms arise following radicular testing
53
Q

What’s the purpose of the cervical upper quadrant test?

A

evaluate facet joint irritation C0-C2

54
Q

What’s a positive for cervical upper quadrant test?

A
  • local pin-point pain at the cervical vertebra(e) in the upper cervical region
  • referral pain that follows the apophyseal joint referred pain patterns
55
Q

What are implications of the Cervical Upper Quadrant test?

A
  • testing action maximally closes the intervertebral foramen which can lead to radicular symptoms
  • test is highly dependent on px’s reported symptoms
  • at any point of the test, stop if pain is reported
56
Q

What’s the purpose of the Cervical Lower Quadrant test?

A

evaluate facet joint irritation C2-C7

57
Q

What’s a positive sign for the Cervical Lower Quadrant test?

A
  • local pin-point pain at the cervical vertebra(e) in the lower cervical region
  • referral pain that follows the apophyseal joint referred pain patterns
58
Q

What are the implications of the Cervical Lower Quadrant test?

A
  • testing action maximally closes the intervertebral foramen which can lead to radicular symptoms
  • test is highly dependent on px’s reported symptoms
  • at any point of the test, stop if pain is reported
59
Q

What’s the purpose of the valsalva test?

A

to determine the effect of increased pressure on the spinal cord

60
Q

What’s a positive sign for the valsalva test?

A
  • increased pain due to increased intrathecal pressure
  • radicular pain symptoms travelling down the arm(s)
61
Q

What are implications of the valsalva test?

A
  • space-occupying lesion, such as a herniated disc, tumor, stenosis, or osteophytes
  • perform with care and caution because px may become dizzy during or shortly after the procedure
62
Q

What’s the purpose of Tinel’s sign?

A

check for brachial plexus lesion

63
Q

What’s a positive sign for Tinel’s sign?

A

tingling sensation in the distribution of a nerve on the ipsilateral side

64
Q

What are the implications of Tinel’s sign?

A
  • means a lesion is anatomically intact, and some recovery is occurring
  • if pain is elicited in the distribution of a peripheral nerve, may indicate neuroma (disruption of the continuity of the nerve)
65
Q

What’s the purpose of Hautant’s test?

A

used to differentiate dizziness or vertigo caused by vascular problems from non-vascular

66
Q

What’s a positive sign for Hautant’s test?

A
  • if arms move without neck rotation and extension, the cause is nonvascular
  • if arms move while neck is rotated and extended, the cause is vascular impairment to the brain
67
Q

What are implications of Hautant’s test?

A

another way to check for possible VBA occlusion

68
Q

What’s the purpose of Sharp-Purser test?

A

to determine subluxation of the atlas on the axis (transverse ligament tear)

69
Q

What’s a positive sign for Sharp-Purser test?

A
  • therapist feels the head slide backward during the movement
  • may hear a “clunk”
70
Q

What are implications of Sharp-Purser test?

A

transverse ligament maintains the position of the odontoid process relative to the anterior arch of C1, with a subluxation, px may be apprehensive to do forward flexion during functional testing

71
Q

What does the C5 dermatome supply?

A

Lateral shoulder

72
Q

What does the C6 dermatome supply?

A

Thumb and index finger

73
Q

What does the C7 dermatome supply?

A

Middle Finger

74
Q

What does the C8 dermatome supply?

A

4th and little finger

75
Q

What does the T1 dermatome supply?

A

Medial elbow

76
Q

What action does nn roots C1-C2 supply?

A

Neck flexion

77
Q

What action does nn root C3 supply?

A

Neck side flexion

78
Q

What action does nn root C4 supply?

A

shoulder elevation

79
Q

What action does nn root C5 supply?

A

shoulder abduction

80
Q

What action does nn root C6 supply?

A

elbow flexion and wrist extension

81
Q

What action does nn root C7 supply?

A

elbow extension and wrist flexion

82
Q

What action does nn root C8 supply?

A

thumb extension and ulnar deviation

83
Q

What action does nn root T1 supply?

A

hand intrinsics

84
Q

What’s the DTR for C5?

A

bicepital reflex

85
Q

What’s the DTR for C6?

A

brachioradialis relex

86
Q

What’s the DTR for C7?

A

triceps reflex

87
Q

What is a WAD injury?

A

Whiplash Associated Disorder

88
Q

At what vertebral level is the hyoid bone located?

A

C3

89
Q

How much resistance should be applied during AR neck movements?

A

10% (all except extension)

90
Q

What are tests for Radiculopathy in the Cervical Spine?

A
  • Myotome/Dermatome/DTR
  • Spurling’s
  • Cervical Compression
  • Distraction
91
Q

What are tests for Facets in the Cervical Spine?

A
  • Cervical Upper Quadrant
  • Cervical Lower Quadrant
92
Q

What are tests for Disc Herniation/Lesion in the Cervical Spine?

A
  • Valsalva
  • Tinel’s Sign​
93
Q

What are tests for Vascular in the Cervical Spine?

A
  • Hautant’s
94
Q

What are tests for Instability/Muscle Weakness in the Cervical Spine?

A
  • Sharp-Purser
  • Muscle tests
95
Q

What are the grades of the Quebec severity of WAD scale?

A
96
Q

How is cervical upper quadrant test performed?

A
  • passively extend head
  • ipsilateral laterally flex head
  • contralaterally rotate
97
Q

How is cervical lower quadrant test performed?

A
  • passively extend neck
  • ipsilateral laterally flex
  • ipsilaterally rotate

T3 Clinical Assessment (12 decks)

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