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BIOLOGY UNIT 2 > 2. Cellular respiration and ATP synthesis > Flashcards

2. Cellular respiration and ATP synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

All living cells, and therefore all living organisms,

need

A

energy in order to survive

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2
Q

Energy is required for many different purposes. Every living cell, for example, must be able to move substances across its membranes against their concentration gradients, by

A

active transport

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3
Q

active transport is

A

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

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4
Q

Cells need to use energy to drive many of their metabolic reactions, such as (3)

A
  1. chemical synthesis of substances,
  2. growth and division of cells,
  3. active transport of substances into and out of cells,
  4. electrical transmission of nerve impulses,
  5. mechanical contraction of muscle (movement)
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5
Q

Cells obtain energy by metabolic pathways known as

A

respiration

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6
Q

Respiration is

A

The process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the energy they contain.

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7
Q

Respiration releases

A

chemical potential energy from glucose and other energy containing organic molecules

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8
Q

Cellular respiration is the

A

chemical breakdown of organic molecules that occurs inside all living cells.

the transfer of chemical energy from organic molecules so that it is available for cells in a useable form known as ATP

Do not confuse it with breathing

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9
Q

The organic molecules is oxidised during cellular respiration in order that

A

that energy is made available for ATP synthesis

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10
Q

what is a short-term store of energy

A

Carbohydrates

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11
Q

what is a long-term store of energy

A

fats

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12
Q

Protein may be used as a source of energy if

A

present in larger quantities than required for growth, repair and replacement

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13
Q

Carnivores respire more protein in their diet than herbivores because

A

their diet consists mostly of meat.

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14
Q

Respiratory substrates (3)

A

Carbohydrates

fats/lipids

proteins

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15
Q

how much energy each respiratory substrate releases

A

Carbohydrates 16kJg –1

fats/lipids 39 Jg –1

proteins 17Jg –1

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16
Q

ATP stands for

A

adenosine triphosphate

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17
Q

Every living cell uses ATP as its

A

immediate source of energy

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18
Q

When energy is released from glucose or other molecules during respiration, it is used to make

A

ATP

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19
Q

diagram showing the structure of an ATP molecule

A

chegg

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20
Q

ATP is what type of molecule?

A

phosphorylated nucleotide

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21
Q

ATP is similar in structure to

A

the nucleotides that make up RNA and DNA

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22
Q

ATP molecules contain

A

energy

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23
Q

What happens when one phosphate group is removed from each molecule in one mole of ATP

A

30.5kJ of energy is released

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24
Q

what type of reaction is it when one phosphate group is removed from each molecule in one mole of ATP an energy is released

A

a hydrolysis reaction, and

it is catalysed by enzymes called ATPases

Most cells contain many different types of ATPases

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25
Q

The products of the reaction of the hydrolysis of ATP are

A

ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a phosphate group (Pi ).

ATP + H20 ↔ ADP + Pi

30.5kJ released

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26
Q

More energy can be obtained from the hydrolysis of ATP if

A

a second phosphate group is removed

ADP + H20 ↔ AMP + Pi

30.5kJ released

The each-way arrows in these equations mean that the reaction can go either way

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27
Q

AMP stands for

A

adenosine monophosphate

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28
Q

ATPases may catalyse the

A

synthesis of ATP, or its breakdown

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29
Q

ATP is used for

A

almost every energy-demanding activity in the body

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30
Q

The amount of energy contained in one ATP molecule is often a suitable quantity to use for a particular purpose.

why is a ATP molecule better to use than a glucose molecule

A

One glucose molecule would contain too much, so a lot would be wasted if all the energy in a glucose molecule was released to make a particular event happen

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31
Q

Why is ATP useful to cells?

A

ATP can provide energy in small packages.

Also, the energy in ATP can be released very quickly and easily, at exactly the right time and in exactly the right place in a cell, just when and where it is needed.

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32
Q

ATP is often known as

A

the ‘energy currency’ of a cell.

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33
Q

Each cell has to make its own ATP because it

A

cannot be transported from one cell to another

However, within a cell ATP can be likened to money – a kind of energy currency – that can be used to provide energy for a wide range of processes

34
Q

the four components of Cellular respiration are

A

glycolysis,
Krebs cycle
electron transport chain and
oxidative phosphorylation

35
Q

These pathways of cellular respiration (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation) allow

A

the energy within the glucose molecule to be released at a controlled rate so that ATP can be produced gradually.

36
Q

what happens to the energy produced in the energy conversion in the body

A

The stepwise breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water gives a yield of 36–38 ATP molecules, depending on the conditions.

Approximately 39 % of the energy that is stored in glucose is converted to the energy within the ATP molecules while the remainder is lost as heat.

This energy conversion in the body is more efficient than the conversion of energy in gasoline into movement of a car – only 25 % of gasoline energy is converted and the rest just makes the car engine hot

37
Q

The stepwise breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water gives a yield of

A

36–38 ATP molecules, depending on the conditions.

38
Q

Approximately 39 % of the energy that is stored in glucose is

A

converted to the energy within the ATP molecules while the remainder is lost as heat

39
Q

Aerobic refers to

A

any process that needs oxygen to occur

40
Q

Anaerobic refers to

A

any process that can occur without oxygen.

Anaerobic can also refer to the metabolism of an organism that can live without oxygen

41
Q

Aerobic respiration is the

A

complete breakdown of sugar or other organic compounds (e.g. fat and proteins) to carbon dioxide and water, to release energy.

42
Q

The complete oxidative breakdown of glucose is called

A

respiration

43
Q

what is the organelles in which respiration occurs

A

The mitochondria

44
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the

A

in the cytosol or cytoplasm of the cell

45
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is made from what three components?

A
  • Ribose (the same sugar that forms the basis of DNA).
  • A base (a group consisting of linked rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms); in this case the base is adenine.
  • Up to 3 phosphate groups. These phosphates are the key to the activity of ATP
46
Q

Figure 13.1 Overview of the oxidation of glucose

A

chegg

47
Q

Cellular respiration is the process that includes

A

all the metabolic reactions needed to break down sugar and other organic compounds and generate ATP

48
Q

Cellular respiration requires what?

A

oxygen

49
Q

Cellular respiration generates what?

A

ATP and carbon dioxide

50
Q

In other words, cellular respiration and aerobic respiration are

A

different terms for the same process

51
Q

what is a source of energy in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions

A

Glucose

52
Q

The maximum energy yield for the oxidation of glucose is achieved how?

A

under aerobic conditions and some of the energy released from glucose is captured in the form of high-energy bonds in ATP.

The energy that is not captured in ATP is dissipated as heat.

53
Q

In cellular respiration, glucose is oxidised to

A

carbon dioxide and water

54
Q

cellular respiration is what type of reaction?

A

respiration releases energy – it is an exergonic reaction

55
Q

which are high and low energy molecules in glucose and its oxidation products?

A

Glucose is a high-energy molecule and

its oxidation products (carbon dioxide and water) are low-energy molecules

56
Q

The energy used in all cellular reactions comes from ATP. By breaking the 3rd phosphate from the ATP molecule what happens?

A

energy is released, which can be used to power intracellular reactions

57
Q

Oxidation is

A

the loss of electrons

58
Q

reduction is

A

the gain of electrons

59
Q

The overall equation for the complete oxidation of glucose is

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

60
Q

the first group of reactions that takes place in respiration

A

Glycolysis

61
Q

example of recycling of ATP in cells in running

A

a runner uses 84kg of ATP in a marathon (more than their total body weight),

yet there are only 50g of ATP in the entire body

This means each that each molecule of ATP has been recycled 1676 times during the race!

62
Q

Normally, as soon as ATP has been converted into ADP + Pi it is converted back into ATP using energy from respiration. However, during exercise

A

ADP may be converted into AMP or even Adenosine to provide energy

63
Q

Diagram of How the energy in ATP is liberated:

A

chegg

64
Q

why is ATP used as an immediate source of energy in cells instead of glucose?

A

glucose cannot be used directly by cells as a source of energy because a glucose molecule would contain far too much energy, so a lot would be wasted if cells used glucose molecules as their immediate source of energy

the hydrolysis of one ATP molecule releases a small ‘packet’ of energy that is often just the right size to fuel a particular step in a process.

65
Q

The formation of ATP from the break down of glucose takes place during

A

cellular respiration

66
Q

Anaerobic respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen and produces what?

A

lactate (in animals) or ethanol and carbon dioxide (in plants and fungi) bur only a little ATP in both cases

67
Q

both aerobic and anaerobic respiration produces ATP but

A

anaerobic respiration produces less

68
Q

both aerobic and anaerobic respiration start with the process of

A

glycolysis but the stages after glycolysis differ

69
Q

Energy is

A

the capacity to do work

70
Q

Respiratory quotient is

A

The ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide given off to the volume of oxygen used up over the same time period during respiration

71
Q

Energy is stored within cells as

A

chemical energy

This is also the most appropriate form in which it can be transferred efficiently from cell to cell and released in regulated amounts as, and when, required

72
Q

Energy in living organisms is derived from….

A

the sun

73
Q

what is the major respiratory substrate in respiration and during aerobic respiration it undergoes a series of enzyme-controlled oxidation reactions

A

glucose

74
Q

equation of cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

75
Q

why are the ATP molecules in a cell are constantly being cycled between ATP and ADP + Pi

A

All the processes in a cell that require energy (such as muscle contraction, active transport and biosynthesis) use ATP to provide that energy.

So these processes all involve ATPase enzymes, which catalyse the breakdown of ATP to ADP + Pi, and make use of the energy released

So the ATP molecules in a cell are constantly being cycled between ATP and ADP + Pi:

76
Q

respiration does not “produce” or “make” energy because

A

the energy is already there in the glucose molecule

77
Q

the coenzymes involved in respiration are

A

NAD

FAD

coenzyme A.

78
Q

a coenzyme is a

A

a molecule required for an enzyme to be able to catalyse a reaction

79
Q

during respiration NAD and FAD are..

A

reduced

The term ‘reduce’ means to add hydrogen, so reduced NAD has had hydrogen added to it

80
Q

the term ‘reduced’ means to

A

add hydrogen

81
Q

Without the presence of NAD or FAD to accept the hydrogen what would happen?

A

the dehydrogenase enzymes involved in respiration would not be able to remove hydrogen from their substrates

BIOLOGY UNIT 2 (7 decks)

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