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Human Anatomy > 2- Cells > Flashcards

2- Cells Flashcards

1
Q

How many cells does the human body have?

A

50 to 100 trillion cells

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2
Q

What two scientists said all living things are cells?

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann

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3
Q

What is the outer cell membrane called?

A

Plasma Membrane or Plasmalemma

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4
Q

What does lemma mean?

A

sheath, husk

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5
Q

What does the fluid mosaic model depict?

A

The plasma membrane as a lipid bilayer

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6
Q

Polar heads are attracted to…?

A

Water

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7
Q

Non polar lines up with?

A

Center of the membrane

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8
Q

What percentage of sugar groups are attached to the lipids in cell membranes?

A

10%

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9
Q

What are “sugar-fats” called?

A

glycolipids

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10
Q

Cholesterol does what to the membrane?

A

Makes it more rigid and increases impermeability to water and water-solubles molecules

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11
Q

What are the two plasma membrane proteins?

A

Integral proteins and peripheral proteins

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12
Q

Integral proteins

A

firmly integrated to the lipid bilayer

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13
Q

What is a transmembrane protein?

A

Its spans the whole width of the bilayer membrane (across)

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14
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Attach loosely to the membranes surfaces on cytoplasmic side and helps support membrane

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15
Q

What two things attach to form glycoproteins?

A

carbohydrate molecule chains and integral proteins

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16
Q

What coats the external part of the cell?

A

Glycocalyx “sugar covering”

This helps it be sticky and bind to other cells

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17
Q

What is a distinctive marker that cells recognize each other by?

A

Glycocalyx have different smells

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18
Q

Functions of the plasma membrane

A

1- protective barrier
2- molecules bond to receptor proteins molecule than can induce a change in cell activity
3- controls what enters and exits cell

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19
Q

simple diffusion

A

things that can travel freely across plasma membrane

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20
Q

What things use simple diffusion?

A
  • oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
  • fat-soluble molecules
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21
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of water molecules across membrane

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22
Q

What molecules use facilitated diffusion?

A
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • ions
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23
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

integral proteins are used to carry/pump molecules across the membrane down the concentration gradient

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24
Q

active transport

A

integral proteins are used to move molecules against concentration gradient

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25
Q

How are macromolecules and large solid particles transported?

A

vesicular
or
bulk transport

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26
Q

What are the two types of bulk transport?

A

exocytosis

endocytosis

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27
Q

endocytosis

A

macromolecules enter the cell

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28
Q

Membrane wall sacs that transport

A

vesicle

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29
Q

3 Type of endocytosis

A

1- phagocytosis
2- pinocytosis
3- receptor-mediated endocytosis

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30
Q

Sac formed in phagocytosis

A

phagosome

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31
Q

lysosome

A

organelle containing digestive enzymes that break down the contents of the phagosome

32
Q

What cells are the best at phagocytosis?

A

white blood cells

33
Q

pinocytosis

A

engulfs drops of extracellular fluid, no receptors

34
Q

What do phagosomes combine with to digest contents in phagocytosis?

A

lysosomes

35
Q

ribosomes

A 
S:
made of RNA & Protein
   free or attached to rough ER
F:
protein synthesis occurs here
36
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

S:
membrane enclosing cavity cisterna
studded with ribosomes

F:
makes proteins secreted from cell
makes the cells membranes

37
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

S:
sacs and tubules free of ribosomes

F:
lipid & steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, drug detoxification

38
Q

golgi apparatus

A

S: stack of smooth membrane sacs

F: Packages/segregates proteins for exocytosis, inclusion in lysosomes, incorporation into plasma membrane

39
Q

lysosomes

A

S: membranous sac containing acid hydrolases

F: intracellular digestion

40
Q

mitochondria

A

S: bean shaped double membrane, inner membrane folds called cristae

F: ATP synthesis, powerhouse/energy of cell

41
Q

peroxisomes

A

S: membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes

F: enzymes detoxify substances
catalase enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide, breaks down poisons that enter cell

42
Q

microfilaments

A

S: filament of contractile protein actin

F: muscle contraction, intracellular movement, forms cells cytoskeleton

43
Q

intermediate filaments

A

S: protein fibers

F: stabilizes cytoskeleton, resists tension forces acting on cell

44
Q

microtubules

A

S: cylinder like made of tubulin proteins

F: form centrioles, give cell shape, intracell/cell movement,

45
Q

centrioles

A

S: paired cylinder like bodies, composed of 9 triplets of microtubules

F: organize microtubule network in mitosis (form spindle and asters), form bases of cilia and flagella

46
Q

plasma membrane

A

S: double layer of lipids (phosopholipids, cholesterol, etc), proteins embedded, some attached sugar groups

F: cell barrier, transports substances in and out, proteins act as receptors

47
Q

cytoplasm

A

has fluid cytosol with dissolved solutes, inclusion

48
Q

nucleus

A

S: surrounded by nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleoli, and chromatin

F: control center of the cell, gene info, instructions for protein synthesis

49
Q

nuclear envelope

A

S: double membrane pierced by pores, continuous with cytoplasmic ER

F: seperates nucleoplasm and cytoplasm, regulates passage of substances to/from nucleus

50
Q

nucleoli

A

S: dense spherical bodies

F: ribosome subunit manufacturer

51
Q

chromatin

A

S: threadlike composed of DNA

F: DNA constitutes genes

52
Q

matrix

A

jelly-like substance in mitochondria

53
Q

What transport uses energy?

A

active transport

54
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

rods running through cytosol that act as the cells bones, muscles and ligaments and supports cell structure and generating cell movement

55
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

Ribosomal RNA (ribonucleic acid)

56
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

produce proteins for cellular/extracellular function

57
Q

What is linked together to form protein molecules in ribosomes?

A

amino acids

this is called translation

58
Q

What do ribosomes attach to rough er do?

A

Make proteins for the cell membrane or exocytosis

59
Q

flagellum

A

long whiplike extension of plasma membrane of some bacteria and sperm cells propels the cell

60
Q

cilia

A

motile, hairlike projection from apical surface of epithelial cels

61
Q

microvilli

A

immotile cell projections on free surface of epithelia , anchor sheets of mucus or increase surface area for absorption

62
Q

vesicle

A

small liquid filled sac

63
Q

Difference between vesicle and vacuole?

A

Vacuoles are used as storage areas and vesicles are used for transport of storage

64
Q

How large is the nucleus?

A

5 micrometers

65
Q

What are the 4 parts of the nucleus?

A

1- nuclear envelope
2- nucleolus
3- chromatin
4- chromosomes

66
Q

macrophage

A

cell that fights disease

67
Q

What maintains the shape of the nucleus?

A

nuclear lamina

68
Q

nuclear pores

A
  • bracelet shaped complex of more than 22 proteins

- allows large molecules to pass in and out

69
Q

What routinely travels through nuclear pores?

A

protein and RNA molecules

70
Q

Jelly-like fluid in the nucleus?

A

nucleoplasm

71
Q

Cell Cycle

A 
1: Interphase 
G1 
S
G2
2: Early Prophase - First phase
3: Late Prophase
4: Metaphase- Second phase
5: Anaphase- Third Phase
6: Telophase and Cytokinesis- Final phase
72
Q

Interphase

A

chromatin extended/condensed
G1- centrioles begin replication
S- DNA replicated
G2- centriole replication complete

73
Q

Early Prophase

A

Chromatin > Chromosomes > Identical Chromatids
(shaped like X)
Held together at centromere
Nucleoli and Cytoskeleton microtubules disassemble
Asters extend microtubules

74
Q

Late Prophase

A

Nuclear envelope disassembles

microtubules extend from centrosomes and attach to centromeres

75
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align at the middle of the cell

Chromatids are separated form each other by enzymes

76
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split apart
Spindle fibers pull chromosomes to opposite ends
Cell elongates
Chromosomes look v shaped and face each other

77
Q

Telophase and cytokinesis

A 
T:
Identical sets of chromosomes
nuclear envelopes reassembles
nucleoli reappear
mitotic spindle breaks down
C: 
Contractile microfilaments squeeze cells apart

Human Anatomy (5 decks)

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