1- Orientation Flashcards
Anatomy
study of the structure of the human body
The science of form is…
morphology
Another term for anatomy
morphology
Physiology
study of body function
gross is…
large
gross anatomy
body structures that can be seen by the naked eye
regional anatomy
all structures in a single body region are examined
systemic anatomy
organs with related functions are studied
surface anatomy
study of shapes and marking (landmarks) that reveal underlying organs
histology is…
microscopic anatomy
microscopic anatomy includes…
cells, cell parts and groups of cells
tissues
developmental anatomy
changes that occur in the body throughout lifespan
embryology
how body structures form before birth
pathological anatomy
structural changes with disease
radiographic anatomy
study of internal body structures by x-ray
functional morphology
functional parts of body structures and assess efficiency
Levels of structural complexity in cardiovascular system
1- Chemical 2- Cellular 3- Tissue 4- Organ 5- Organ System 6- Organismal
_____ combine to form ______
atoms combine to form molecules
4 classes of Macromolecules
- Carbs (sugars)
- Lipids (fats)
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)
What are the building blocks of structures at the cellular level?
Macromolecules
the cells and their functional cell units are…
cellular organelles
The smallest living things in the body?
cells
Define tissue
a group of cells that work together to perform a common function
4 Tissue types for organs
- Nervous
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
epithelial tissue function
covers the body surface
lines its cavities
connective tissue function
supports the body
protects its organs
muscle tissue function
provides movement
nervous tissue function
fast internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses
complex physiological processes occur at the …
organ level
organ system
organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
How many organ systems?
11
Name the organ systems
Reproductive
Urinary
Nervous
Muscular
Respiratory
Skeletal
Lymphatic Integumentary Digestive Endocrine Circulatory
visceral
membrane layer against organ
parietal
membrane layer against cavity wall
What is used to describe the structure of plasma membrane?
Fluid mosaic model
diffusion
high to low concentration
What is the highest level of organization?
Organismal Level
Unit in metric system for length
meter (m)
What is a hundredth of a meter?
Centimeter
What is a millionth of a meter?
A micrometer
Average size of human cells
10 micrometers
but can range 5-100 micrometers
Human cell with largest diameter
ovum
What two things are mass?
volume and weight
1 kg equals how many lbs
2.2 lbs
What is a thousandth of a kilogram?
a gram
Integumentary system functions
1- external body covering
2- protects deeper tissues from injury
3- sythesizes vitamin d
4- houses cutaneous receptors
Skeletal system functions
1- protects/supports body organs
2- framework for muscles to use for movement
3- blood cells are formed
4- stores minerals
Muscular system functions
1- manipulation of environment
2- facial expression
3- maintains posture
4- produces body heat
Nervous System functions
1- fast acting control system
2- responds to internal changes
3- responds to external changes
4- activates appropriate muscles and glands
Endocrine System Functions
1- Glands secrete hormones
2- Hormones for growth
3- Hormones for reproduction
4- Metabolism or Nutrient use by cells
Cardiovascular System Functions
1- blood vessels transport blood
2- carry oxygen
3- carbon dioxide
4- nutrients/wastes
Lymphatic/Immunity System Functions
1- picks up leaked blood vessel fluid
2- disposes of their own debris
3- Houses lymphocytes (white blood cells)
4- immune attacks foreign substances
Respiratory System Functions
1- Keeps blood oxygen rich
2- Removes carbon dioxide
3- gaseous exchanges occur here
4- gases exchange in lungs air sacs
Digestive System Functions
1- Breaks down food
2- Makes food absorbable for blood
3- Indigestibles eliminated through feces
Urinary System Functions
1- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
2- Regulates water
3- Regulate electrolytes
4- Acid-base balance of blood
What is the common visual reference point?
anatomical position
What is the words use for names of specific body areas called?
Regional terms
Fundamental divisions of the body
Axial region
Appendicular region
Axial region consists of…
- Head
- Neck
- Trunk
What parts is the trunk divided into?
- Thorax
- Abdomen
- Pelvis
- Perineum
Appendicular region consists of…
Limbs/ Extremities
What are the body planes?
- Coronal
- Sagittal
- Transverse
Coronal
Divided anterior and posterior
Transverse
Divided superior and inferior
Sagittal
Divided into left and right
midline sagittal plane is called
midsagittal plane
Sagittal planes offset from midline are called?
parasagittal
oblique sections
cuts made diagonally along a body plane
medial
toward the midline of the body
lateral
away from the midline of the body
proximal
closer to the origin of the body part
distal
away from the origin of the body part
ipsilateral
on the same side
contralateral
on matching opposite sides similar to one like in an X
What group of animals do humans belong to?
Vertebrates
Features vertebrates share
1- tube-within-a tube 2- bilateral symmetry 3- dorsal hollow nerve cord 4- notochord and vertebrae 5- segmentation 6- pharyngeal pouches
pharynx
throughout part of digestive tube
Dorsal body cavity is subdivided into…
- Cranial
- Vertebral
Organs of the Ventral body cavity
- lungs
- heart
- intestines
- kidneys
These are all visceral organs..
Two divisions of ventral body cavity
1- thoracic cavity (surrounded by ribs and muscles of chest wall)
2- abdominopelvic (surrounded by abdominal walls and pelvic girdle)
separated by the diaphragm
Thoracic Cavity
1- pleural cavity
2- mediastinum (containing heart)
3- pericardial cavity
Abdominal Cavity of Abdominopelvic contains
liver
stomach
kidneys
Pelvic Cavity of Abdominopelvic contains
bladder
reproductive organs
rectum
What are the abdominopelvic cavities surrounded by
peritoneal cavity
serous membrane
slit-like slice between membranes
outer wall of the cavity is called
parietal serosa
inner wall of the cavity is called
visceral serosa
what is serous
watery
TEM
Transmission electron microscope
acidic stains
dyes with negatively charged molecules
basic stains
dyes with positively charge molecules
H&E
hematoxylin and eosin
Which micrography shows 3d pictures?
Scanning electron microscopy
artifacts
minor distortions
angiography
images of blood vessels
PET scan
detects radioactive isotopes injected into the body by seeing the most active cells
DSA
digital subtraction angiography that provides unobstructed view of small arteries
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
High-contrast images of soft tissues. distinguished them based on water content
fMRI
measure blood oxygen levels to detect activity in certain areas of the brain
What organ produces bile
liver
What organ secretes insulin
pancreas
I absorb water from the gut contents before excreted
large intestine
Largest gland in the body
liver
What gland is located behind the stomach
pancreas
