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Building Blocks Of Life > 2 - Cell Structure and Organelles > Flashcards

2 - Cell Structure and Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered cells and in what year?

A

Robert Hooke - 1665

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2
Q

What is Cell Theory and when was it introduced?

A

1839

  1. All living organisms are made of cells.
  2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
  3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
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3
Q

What are the basic requirements of a cell?

A
  1. Cell Membrane
  2. DNA
  3. Energy Metabolism
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4
Q

What is the function of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Permeable Barrier,
Regulated Transport,
Communication with environment.

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5
Q

What is ATP?

A

Chemical energy used by the cell.

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6
Q

What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?

A

Prokaryotic has free DNA (Nucleoid) can have flagellum eg. bacteria/archaea.

Eukaryotic is an animal cell with DNA in nucleus and organelles.

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7
Q

What are the 4 groups of Archaea?

A
  • Methanogenes (methan producers)
  • Thermoacidophils (heat and acid lovers)
  • Chemosynthesizers (make own chemicals)
  • Extreme Halophiles (salt lovers)
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8
Q

What is the difference with Archaea cell wall?

A

Monolayer not bilayer. Ether linkage, branched hydrocarbon.

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9
Q

What is Cytoplasm?

A

Fluid inside plasma membrane (cytosol).

Contains Organelles.

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10
Q

What are organelles?

A

Absent from prokaryotic cells.

Perform specialised functions.

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11
Q

What is a protist?

A

Mostly unicellular and live in colonies.
Mostly asexual
Typically water based environments.
eg Slime Mold, Water Mold.

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12
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Stores DNA

Codes for protein synthesis.

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13
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

Double membrane layer around nucleus.
Pores to regulate the transportation of molecules.
DNA+Packaging proteins = Chromatin.

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14
Q

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic chromosomes

A

PROKARYOTE
• A circular DNA molecule
• No associated proteins
• 1 chromosome only

EUKARYOTE
• A linear DNA molecule
• Associated with histone proteins
• 2 or more different chromosomes

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15
Q

What is Nucleolus

A
  • Assembly of ribosomes begins here

* Produces ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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16
Q

What is Transcription and Translation

A

Transcription is DNA to RNA.

Translation is RNA to Protein

17
Q

What are Ribosomes

A

Ribosomes (protein factories)
• Composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins
• Function: produce proteins
• Location: in nucleus, cytoplasm, rough endoplasmic reticulum

18
Q

What is Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• Function: transport of materials
• Location: from nuclear envelope to cell membrane

19
Q

What is Rough ER

A

Rough ER
•
Surface appears “rough” = many ribosomes attached
•
Receives newly synthesised proteins, modifies them, helps transporting them
•
Makes most membrane bound proteins

20
Q

What is Smooth ER

A

Smooth ER

  • No ribosomes
  • Modifies proteins from the RER
  • Detox
  • Glycogen degradation
  • Synthesis of lipids and steroids
  • Stores Calcium (eg. muscle function)
21
Q

What is Golgi Body

A 
Location: near RER & Nucleus
Function: shipping and receiving.
•Receives proteins from RER (vesicles)
•Modifies/sorts proteins
•Adds carbohydrates
•Synthesizes polysaccharides for plant wall.
22
Q

What are Vacuoles

A

Vacuoles (sac-like structures in cytoplasm; storage)

  • Function:
  • Storage of water, salts, proteins, carbohydrates
  • Remove excess water from cell (contractile vacuole)
  • Arise from ER and Golgi
23
Q

What are Lysosomes

A

Lysosomes (digestive compartments)

Function:
•filled with enzymes; breakdown of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins from food
•cell cleaner: break down of old organelles, dead pathogens

Arise from the Golgi body
•After breakdown the building blocks
will be released into the cytoplasm

24
Q

What are Peroxisomes

A

Peroxisomes (Security and waste removal)

•Function:lipiddestruction; containsoxidativeenzymes

25
Q

What is the Endomembrane system

A

Endomembrane system

(endo-= “within”)
A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.

  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Smooth & rough ER
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Vesicles
  • Vacuoles
  • Lysosomes
  • (Peroxisomes)
26
Q

What are Mitochondria

A

Mitochondria
•Powerhouse of the cell ->cellular respiration
•Fluid filled Matrix
•Internal membrane ->Cristae

Converts energy to ATP

27
Q

What can be seen, Electron Microscope vs Light microscope

A

Light microscope: nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, (chloroplasts & cell wall)

Electron microscope: all organelles

Building Blocks Of Life (3 decks)

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