2. Cell Physiology Flashcards
What are the major functions of the nucleus?
Messenger RNA synthesis (transcription) and regulation of cell division
The nucleus is central to storing genetic information and controlling cellular activities.
What are the major functions of the nuclear envelope?
Protects the cell’s genetic material and manages what materials enter and exit the nucleus
The nuclear envelope is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the genetic material.
What are the major functions of chromatin?
To compress the DNA into a compact unit that will be less voluminous and can fit within the nucleus
This organization is essential for proper gene expression and DNA replication.
What are the major functions of the nucleolus?
Producing and assembling the cell’s ribosomes
The nucleolus plays a key role in protein synthesis.
What are the major functions of ribosomes?
Decoding the information in messenger RNA (translation) and linking amino acids to form proteins
Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis.
What are the major functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)?
Uniquely controls protein processing and the rate of protein translation
Rough ER is studded with ribosomes, making it crucial for synthesizing proteins.
What are the major functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER)?
Synthesizes and stores lipids, phospholipids, and steroids, and detoxifies drugs (in the liver)
Smooth ER is involved in metabolic processes.
What are the major functions of the Golgi apparatus?
Transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery
The Golgi apparatus is vital for processing and shipping cellular products.
What are the major functions of mitochondria?
Generate large quantities of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell.
What are the major functions of lysosomes?
Digestion of macromolecules, old cell parts, and microorganisms
Lysosomes contain enzymes necessary for breaking down cellular waste.
What are the major functions of peroxisomes?
Oxidation of specific biomolecules and biosynthesis of membrane lipids known as plasmalogens
Peroxisomes play a role in lipid metabolism and detoxification.
What are microfilaments composed of?
Linked monomers of actin combined in a structure that resembles a double helix
Microfilaments are involved in various cellular movements.
What are microtubules made of?
Tubulin proteins arranged to form a hollow tube
Microtubules are essential for maintaining cell shape and facilitating intracellular transport.
What are intermediate filaments specialized for?
Bearing tension and maintaining the shape of the cell, anchoring the nucleus and other organelles in place
Intermediate filaments provide mechanical support to cells.
What is the role of centrioles?
Organizing the microtubules that separate during cell division
Centrioles are crucial for proper chromosome segregation.
What are the functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
Forming support structures, controlling communication between cells, segregating tissues, and regulating cell processes such as growth, migration, and differentiation
The ECM plays a vital role in tissue integrity and cellular functions.
Fill in the blank: The process of synthesizing messenger RNA from DNA is called _______.
[transcription]
Fill in the blank: The process of decoding messenger RNA and linking amino acids is called _______.
[translation]
True or False: Post-translational modification is known to play pivotal roles in many biological events.
True
This modification is closely associated with many human diseases.
What are potential drug targets in the processes of transcription and translation?
Drugs targeting transcription in cancer treatment and drugs targeting translation in cancer treatment
Targeting these processes can help in managing cancer by interfering with protein synthesis.
