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Physiology of the human body > 2. cell physiology 1 > Flashcards

2. cell physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the cell membrane has

A

phospholipid bilayer
membrane proteins
membrane carbohydrates

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2
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

*continuous layer around the cell
*barrier to water soluble substances – NOT to small molecules (O2 & CO2) and lipid
soluble molecules

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3
Q

membrane proteins are:

A
  • transport proteins
  • receptor proteins
  • enzymes
  • joining proteins
  • identifying proteins
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4
Q

transport protein types:

A

channels

carrier proteins

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5
Q

channels

A
  • form pore in membrane
  • selectively permit channelCmediated facilitated diffusion of water &
    specific ions
  • Can be:
    1 gated: can open or close – when signaled
    2 nonCgated (= leakage channels): always open
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6
Q

carrier proteins

A
  • bind solute + carry it across membrane
  • allow protein carrierCmediated facilitated transport OR active
    transport
  • e.g. glucose transporters
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7
Q

receptor proteins

A
  • can bind specific extracellular molecules (= ligands) e.g. hormones, neurotransmitters (nt)
  • e.g. glucose uptake:
    i. insulin binds to receptor on skel. muscle or adipose tissue
    ii. triggers movement of more glucose transporters to cell membrane
    iii. ⇑ glucose movement from blood into cells
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8
Q

enzymes

A
  • control chemical reactions on outer or inner surface
  • e.g. acetylcholinesterase
  • e.g.2: Na+/K+C ATPase C all cells have these
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9
Q

joining proteins

A
  • control anchor cell membrane to cytoskeleton or an adjacent cell
    i. junctional proteins between cells forming:
  • —- desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions
    ii. extracellular fibers (usually glycoproteins)
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10
Q

identifying proteins

A
  • e.g. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins
    o on surface of all cells except rbc
    o identify cell as “self” (part of the body) – not foreign
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11
Q

membrane carbohydrates

A
  • glycoproteins and glycolipids

* differs for every cell type C allow cells to recognize type e.g. sperm recognizes egg

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12
Q

membrane transport

A

movement of material between the intra and extra cellular fluids

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13
Q

solute

A

substance dissolved in a solution

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14
Q

solvent

A

substance solute is dissolved in e.g. water

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15
Q

types of transport

A

passive

active

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16
Q

passive transport

A
  • no energy required (no ATP)
  • movement from a high to low concentration (i.e. down its conc. gradient) * the greater the difference in concentration = the more molecules want to move
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17
Q

passive transport types

A 
simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
facilitated transport
osmosis 
bulk flow
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18
Q

simple diffusion

A

solute movement

*solute diffuses directly through cell membrane bilayer therefore small, lipid soluble (O2, CO2, etc.)

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19
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

solute movement

*ions diffuse through membrane by protein channels

20
Q

facilitated transport

A

solute movement

  • large, charged or water soluble molecules
  • diffuse across membrane using a specific carrier protein - must bind to protein to be transported
  • eg, glucose into liver or skeletal muscle
21
Q

osmosis

A

solvent movement

  • movement of H2O across a semipermeable membrane (permeable to H2O) due to [H2O] difference (H2O moves down it’s concentration gradient ) by pores (channels) or across the membrane bilayer
  • NOTE-
  • high [H2O] = low [solute] (dilute solution)
  • low [H2O] = high [solute] (concentrated solution)
  • [solute] depends on the number of ions of molecules not the type
22
Q

high solute and low solvent

A

high osmotic pressure

23
Q

low solute and high solvent

A

low osmotic pressure

24
Q

osmotic pressure

A
  • pressure that must be applied to prevent movement
    of H2O from a pure H2O solution (S1) across a semipermeable membrane into another solution (S2)
    i. if S2 has high [salt] (low [H2O]) then more H2O will move into it ⇒ requires pressure to stop H20 moving into S2
    ——————- Therefore the greater [salt] in solution the greater OP and lower [H2O] ⇒ water will want to move in (down gradient)
    ii. S1 & S2 = pure H2O ⇒ no P required to prevent H2O movement (no gradient) ∴ S1, S2 OP = 0
  • OP is used as a measure of the [solute] of a solution o high OP = high [solute] (low [H2O]) + vice
    versa
25
Q

tonicity

A

o response of a cell immersed in a solution
* depends on [solute] (and permeability of cell membrane to solute)
o uses:
* injecting 10% sucrose solution (hypertonic)
will move water to blood stream
* e.g. use to ⇓ brain edema (swelling)

26
Q

tonicity classificatinons

A

hypotonic solution
hypertonic solutions
isotonic solution

27
Q

hypotonic solution

A
  • ECF has lower OP (higher [H2O]) than ICF (cytosol)
  • cell swells (takes in water) + may burst
  • swelling can rupture cell = lysis
  • ——- if rbc = hemolysis
28
Q

hypertonic solution

A
  • ECF has higher OP (lower

[H2O]) than ICF (cytosol) * cell shrinks (loses H2O)

29
Q

isotonic solution

A
  • ECF and ICF have equal OP
  • cell neither swells nor shrinks
  • rbc C all [solutes] within equals
    a 0.9% saline solution (= normal saline)
30
Q

osmosis role in solute regulation:

A

o Concentration of solutes in body fluids must be
maintained within narrow limits or cells will die
*major body fluids:
-extracellular fluids (ECFs)
-intracellular fluid (ICF)

31
Q

extracellular fluids

A 
bood plasma
interstitital fluid (ISF)
32
Q

osmosis eg e.g. If body loses H2O (e.g. sweat) ⇒ ⇑ [blood] blood OP ⇑ ⇒ fluid moves from tissues to blood

A

response = thirst and ⇓ renal H2O loss which leads to ⇓ urine production

33
Q

bulk flow

A
  • movement of fluid (+ solutes) due to a pressure gradient
    (high pressure to low pressure)
  • hydrostatic pressure = P of a fluid pressing against a surface
    o e.g. cell membrane, blood vessel wall (= blood pressure)
    o e.g. Capillary – if blood has higher pressure than ISF, fluid flows out of the capillary (= filtration)
34
Q

active process require

A

Require energy (ATP)

35
Q

active processes types

A

active transport and vesicular transport

36
Q

ative transport types

A

primary active transport

secondary active transport

37
Q

primary active transport

A
  • molecular pumps C ATP breakdown is directly
    part of transport process
  • e.g. Na+/K+CATPase Pump – 3 Na+ out of cell
    and 2 K+ in per ATP
38
Q

secondary active trasport

A
  • cotransport (use of ATP is indirect)
  • e.g. glucose entry at small intestine – 2 steps:
    1. Na+ gradient established by Na+/K+C ATPase (ATP use step)
    2. glucose & Na+ both must bind to carrier and are cotransported into the cell ⇒ Na+ moving down its concentration gradient drives in glucose against its concentration gradient (transport step)
39
Q

vesicular transport

A

substance is surrounded by a membrane within a cell (vesicle)

40
Q

active transport

A
  • substance move against conc. gradient (low to high)

- always protein carrier-mediated

41
Q

vesicular transport types

A

endocytosis

exocytosis

42
Q

endocytosis

A

movement into a cell

  • phagocytosis
  • pinocytosis
43
Q

phagocytosis

A
  • large items into cell (e.g. bacteria)

- =”cell eating”`

44
Q

pinocytosis

A
  • fluids (+dissolved substances)

- =”cell drinking”

45
Q

exocytosis

A

– movement out of cell
* vesicles containing hormones, enzymes,
neurotransmitters, etc.
* fuse with cell membrane releasing contents
into ECF (triggered by a rise in cytosolic Ca++)

Physiology of the human body (3 decks)

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