2. Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What is the function of valves in the heart?
Valves prevent backflow of blood, keeping it flowing in one direction.
What does the superior vena cava do?
The superior vena cava brings blood down to the heart.
What does the inferior vena cava do?
The inferior vena cava brings blood up to the heart.
What is the role of the pulmonary artery?
The pulmonary artery takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs to oxygenate it.
What does the pulmonary vein do?
The pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood back to the heart.
What is the function of the aorta?
The aorta carries oxygenated blood to the body.
What are the layers of the heart?
The layers of the heart are: Epicardium, Myocardium, and Endocardium.
What is the function of the Epicardium?
The Epicardium is the over protective layer of the heart.
What is the function of the Myocardium?
The Myocardium is the muscular middle layer of the heart.
What is the function of the Endocardium?
The Endocardium is the thin inner layer of the heart.
What are the types of muscles?
The types of muscles are Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle, and Cardiac muscle.
What is maximal exercise?
Physical activity performed at the highest possible intensity an individual can achieve, pushing the body to the limit.
What is the intensity level of maximal exercise?
At or near 100% of max effort / near maximal rate.
What is the duration of maximal exercise?
Short.
What are examples of maximal exercise?
Sprinting, lifting maximum weights.
What are the benefits of maximal exercise?
Enhances max strength, speed, power, and can impair anaerobic capacity.
What is sub maximal exercise?
Physical activity performed at an intensity less than 70-85% of max effort.
What are the characteristics of sub maximal exercise?
- INTENSITY - Less than 70-85% of max effort.
- DURATION - Longer.
What are examples of sub maximal exercise?
Brisk walk, jogging.
What are the benefits of sub maximal exercise?
Improved cardiovascular health, endurance, overall fitness without excessive stress on the body.
What is the cardiovascular system composed of?
The cardiovascular system is composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
Its function is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and excrete waste products from all the cells.
What is the heart?
The heart is a muscular organ.
What is the function of the heart?
It supplies oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and helps remove carbon dioxide and other waste.
What type of pump system does the heart use?
The heart uses a double pump system.
What is the pulmonary circuit?
The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart.
What is the systemic circuit?
The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to the body tissues and deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
What does the SA node do?
The SA node is the heart’s natural pacemaker that sends an electrical signal to tell the heart to beat. The signal starts in the right atrium and causes the filling of the atrium.
What is the role of the AV node?
The AV node slows the signal down slightly after the SA node causes the atria to contract, allowing the atria to empty fully before the ventricles contract.
What happens after the signal reaches the AV node?
The signal transfers from the AV node to the Bundle of His, which splits into two branches, one for each ventricle.
What is the function of the Bundle of His?
The Bundle of His transmits the electrical signal to the ventricles, allowing them to contract.
What is heart rate?
The number of times the heart beats per minute.
What is the average resting heart rate for males?
70 bpm.
What is the average resting heart rate for females?
72 bpm.
What is bradycardia?
A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 bpm.
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.
How is stroke volume calculated?
SV = end diastolic volume (EDV) - end systolic volume (ESV).
What is diastole?
The relaxation phase of the heart.
What is systole?
The contraction phase of the heart.
How is stroke volume determined?
Stroke volume is determined by venous return.
What is venous return?
Venous return is the amount of deoxygenated blood returning to the heart via the veins.
What happens to stroke volume if venous return increases?
If venous return increases, stroke volume also increases.
What law explains the relationship between stroke volume and venous return?
The relationship is explained by Starling’s law.
What factors affect stroke volume?
Stroke volume is affected by the contractility of the myocardium and the heart’s contraction.
What is the formula for ejection fraction?
Ejection fraction = SV / EDV × 100.
