1. Energy systems Flashcards
What is energy?
The ability to perform work.
What is chemical energy?
Energy from food.
What is kinetic energy?
Movement energy.
What is potential energy?
Stored energy.
What is the formula for work?
Work = Force x distance (joules).
What is power?
Work performed over a unit of time (watts).
What do proteins break down into?
Amino acids
Low intensity energy source.
What do fats consist of?
Lipids and 3 fatty acids
Low intensity energy source.
What do carbohydrates break down into?
Glucose
(ATP -PC) (Lactic Acid).
What is PC associated with?
Maximum intensity
Energy source.
What type of system is the ATP-PC system?
Anaerobic
What is the duration of the ATP-PC system?
Short duration, 8 - 10 sec
What is the maximum intensity of the ATP-PC system?
90 - 100%
How long does it take to replenish PC stores back to 98%?
3 min
How quickly does the ATP-PC system generate ATP?
Generates ATP quickly but has limited supply
What is the yield of the ATP-PC system?
1 mol of ATP per 1 mol PCr
What is an advantage of the ATP-PC system?
Rapid replenishment
What is another advantage of the ATP-PC system?
Readily accessible
What is a disadvantage of the ATP-PC system?
Only lasts around 10 seconds
What is another disadvantage of the ATP-PC system?
Body has to rely on other energy systems once the PC is depleted
Does the ATP-PC system require oxygen?
Doesn’t require oxygen
Does the ATP-PC system produce lactic acid?
Doesn’t produce lactic acid
What is the ATP - PC system?
It is a system that donates phosphate to ADP to regenerate ATP.
What triggers the ATP - PC system?
High levels of ADP are detected by creatine kinase.
What happens to phosphocreatine (PC) in the ATP - PC system?
PC is broken down to phosphate (P) and creatine (C), releasing energy for ADP.
What is the main function of the ATP - PC system?
To provide energy for ADP to combine with the extra phosphate released.
What is anaerobic glycolysis?
A metabolic process that breaks down glucose and glycogen without oxygen.
What is the intensity level for anaerobic glycolysis?
High intensity = 80-90%.
What is the duration of anaerobic glycolysis?
Medium duration, 2-3 minutes (peaking at 1 minute).
What is produced during anaerobic glycolysis?
Lactic acid.
What is an advantage of anaerobic glycolysis?
Energy yield is doubled (1:2).
What is another advantage of anaerobic glycolysis?
No oxygen needed.
How long can anaerobic glycolysis last?
Can last up to 3 minutes (peaks at 1 minute).
What is a disadvantage of anaerobic glycolysis?
Peaks at 1 minute but can’t be sustained due to production of hydrogen ions.
How do hydrogen ions affect anaerobic glycolysis?
They reduce enzyme activity, leading to higher blood acidity and lower pH, which denatures enzymes.
What is anaerobic glycolysis?
A metabolic process that occurs without oxygen.
What is PFK?
Phosphofructokinase, an important enzyme in glycolysis.
What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis?
Lactic acid (or lactate).
What does glycogen convert to in anaerobic glycolysis?
Glycogen converts to glucose.
What are the byproducts of anaerobic glycolysis?
Lactate and H+ ions.
What is the role of adenosine in anaerobic glycolysis?
Adenosine is involved in energy transfer, converting phosphates back to ADP to make ATP.
What is the intensity range for the aerobic system?
Low intensity = 60-80%
What is the duration requirement for the aerobic system?
High duration; over 5 minutes
What is required for ATP generation in the aerobic system?
Can only generate ATP in the presence of oxygen
Where does the aerobic system occur?
Occurs in mitochondria
What is the main advantage of the aerobic system?
Produces most ATP out of systems (36)
What is another advantage of the aerobic system?
No fatiguing by-products
What type of distance is the aerobic system suited for?
Long distance
What does the aerobic system utilize?
Uses more than one energy substrate
What is a disadvantage of the aerobic system?
Very slow and complicated
What does the aerobic system require in large amounts?
Need lots of oxygen
What is a challenge related to fatty acid transportation in the aerobic system?
Fatty acid transportation to muscles is slow
What is the aerobic system?
The aerobic system is a metabolic pathway that uses oxygen to produce energy.
What is glycolysis?
Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose to produce pyruvic acid.
What is produced from glycogen?
Glycogen is converted to glucose.
What is pyruvic acid?
Pyruvic acid is a key intermediate in several metabolic pathways.
What are the products of the aerobic system?
The products include ATP, CO2, and H2O.
Where does the aerobic system occur?
The aerobic system occurs in the mitochondria.
What is the Krebs cycle?
The Krebs cycle is a series of reactions that produce ATP and electron carriers.
How much ATP is produced in the Krebs cycle?
The Krebs cycle produces 2 ATP.
What is the electron transport chain?
The electron transport chain is a series of complexes that transfer electrons and produce ATP.
How much ATP is produced in the electron transport chain?
The electron transport chain produces 34 ATP.
What is the Energy Continuum?
A framework where all systems are active-interchanging.
What determines the occurrence in the Energy continuum?
It occurs based on the predominant system.
What factors influence the Energy continuum?
The influence is based on the duration of exercise and the performer.
What is the relationship between exercise intensity and anaerobic energy?
The more intense the exercise, the more anaerobic energy is produced.
What happens to muscle glycogen during high-intensity exercise?
If exercise is high intensity and lasts over 2 minutes, both muscle glycogen and Cl will deplete and need repaying.
What type of intensity is predominantly aerobic?
Low to medium intensity exercise is predominantly aerobic.
How do high fitness levels affect anaerobic threshold?
High fitness levels delay anaerobic threshold and allow individuals to work aerobically for longer before fatigue.
What is the effect of greater anaerobic fitness?
The greater the anaerobic fitness, the greater the tolerance to lactic acid.
