2-Carbohydrates Flashcards
Which and how many are the nutrient classes?
They are six: water,minerals,proteins.carbohydrates,vitamins, FAT
Some functions of nutrients?
- Provide energy sources
- Maintaining a constant internal environment
- Providing structural componenets for growth,development and maintenance
- Reguating metabolic processes
What we call essential and non-essential nutrients
Essential are the nutrients that must be taken by diet because our body cannot synthesize them.
Non-essential are the nutrients that we don’t have to worry about the quantity we eat, because our body produces them
How many nutrients are essential?
45
Which nutrients provide energy and which not?
Carbohydrates,Fat, Proteins–..provide energy(calories)
Minerals,Water,Vitamins…–do not provide energy(calories)
Does alcohol provide energy?
Yes
How can a food type be rated for its quality
Ther rate is based on the amount of essential nutrients in comparison to the amount of calories they provide
Name some carbohydrate functions
- Provide glucose, upon which brain and white, red cells rely as their sole energy source
- Glucose can also be coverted in glycogen in muscle and liver for storage (glycogenesis)
- Provide energy in order to facilitate body temperature and body metabolism
- Work to save up protein. When there is enough fat and carbohydrates, protein is being saved to be used for its primary role which is of tissue synthesis
- Reqired for proper fat metabolism.When there is too little amount of carbohydrates, products of fatty-acids called ‘ketone-bodeis’’ accumulate in the blood and might be harmful
- eeded for structural compoundsin the body such as chondroitin sulffate, for development of cartilage,bone and nervous tissue.
How can carbohydrates be classifies?
Carbohydrates can be classified from simple sugars(monosaccharides, dissacharides) to cmplex polysaccharides (starch, fibre)
Which are the alcohol forms of glucose and fructose respectively?
Sorbiton and mannitol
How many monosaccarides can a sugar, oligosaccharide,polysaccharide be made of
1-2
3-9
10 and more
Which are the simplest monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose, galactose
Which is the sweetest monosaccharide and where it can be found in?
Fructose and ca be found in honey and many fruits.
What is special for galactose and form where it comes from?
It does not occur alone in nature and can be found iin dairy products and comes form the hydrolysis of lactose.
Which is the energy storage for plants and animals respectively?
starch and glycogen
Which are the major disaccharides and how they are formed?
Lactose maltose, sucrose
glucose+galactose= lactose
glucose+glucose=maltose
glucose+fructose=sucrose
As what can starch be found?
It can be found as
amylopectin( Branched type of starch)
amylose(linear type of starch)
Is starch digestibe/ un or both?
Amylopectin and amylose are digestible but there issome undigestible strach called ‘resistant starches’ in legumes
Is fibre digestible,does it provide energy?
Fibre is undigestible and does not provide energy to human body
What are the benefits for human body derived from fibre?
- Promoting gastrointesteinal function and motility
- Intefering with the absorption of dietary fat and cholesterol
- Slowing the absorption of glucose to regulate insulin secretion
In what kind of food can starch be found?
breakfast cerials bread pasta crackers rice etc
Where can fibre be found?
Whole grain bread ,pasta,breakfast cerals
potatoes with skin
unpeeled vegetables
Whole cooked beans,peas etc
Where can sugar alcoholes be found?
In plants and the food-industry
Why we use sugar alcohols and where are they been digested?
We use them in food industry as sweteners ( chewing gums, oral products-non cariogenic), they are digested in the Large Intestine
What happens if glucose exceed normal levels?
In this case, insulin is secreted and transforms glucose to glycogen.
How human body uses glycogen for energy?
If the human body needs energy, then glucogen is secreted which can transform glycogen to glucose
In adults:
How much calories should come from carbohydrates?
How much should the sugar intake be?
How much fibre intake must be?
50% of calories should come from carbohydraes= 300g
5%=30g
30g/day
What is the main characteristic of Diabetes Mellitus?
The main characteristic is the high levels of glucose(hyperglyceamia) in serum(blood)
Which are the causes of Diabetes Mellitus
- Insulin Resistance by cells (Insulin does not work properly)
- Impaired insulin by the pancreas
- and/or increased hepatic glucose production
What can Diabetes Mellitus can cause?
Amputations
Renal diseases
Blindness
What is the cause of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus(T1DM) and what are the results?
The immune system destroys the B-cells of the pancreas by mistake, resulting in absolute deficiency in insulin. Glucose cannot be taken up by cells and rises in the blood above normal levels (hyperglycaemia). The excess is excreted in the urine and the body cells are ‘starved’ for energy, as there is no insulin to transform glucose to glycogen.
How the human body tries to excrete the excess glucose?
Through urination
What are the symptoms of T1DM?
polyphagia polydipsia polyuria wight loss dehydration electrolyte disturbances
How a person can ‘manage’ T1DM?
Self-monitor blood glucose frequently
Daily insulin injections
A healthy diet monitoring the carboydrate intake
Regular physical activity
What is the poplarity of T2DM
T2DM acoounts for 90-95% of all diabetes cases and the incidence is increasing due to the inncreasing incidence of obesity
In what can people with T2DM have defects in?
Secretion of insulin by pancreas
Increased hepatic glucose production
Defects in the action of insulin
What are the symptoms of T2DM?
Family history of diabetes Obesity habiyual physical inactivity Previously identified as pre-diabetic hypertension of 140/90 HDL cholesterol equal or smaller than35mg/dL and/or triglycerides ore than 350mg/dL Ethinicity
What is the current guidance in UK regarding T2DM?
Promotion of low glycaemic index (GI) food
Emphasis on benefits of regular exercise
When can a food can be characterised by low high or medium GI?
low: GI less than 55
medium: GI between 55-69
high: GI more than 70
In what does low GI food helps to?
It provides a small but clinically useful effect on medium-term glycemia (Low GI food can dicrease HbA1C by 0.43% !!
