Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Biochemistry > 2-Carbohydrates > Flashcards

2-Carbohydrates Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Which and how many are the nutrient classes?

A

They are six: water,minerals,proteins.carbohydrates,vitamins, FAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Some functions of nutrients?

A
  1. Provide energy sources
  2. Maintaining a constant internal environment
  3. Providing structural componenets for growth,development and maintenance
  4. Reguating metabolic processes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What we call essential and non-essential nutrients

A

Essential are the nutrients that must be taken by diet because our body cannot synthesize them.

Non-essential are the nutrients that we don’t have to worry about the quantity we eat, because our body produces them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many nutrients are essential?

A

45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which nutrients provide energy and which not?

A

Carbohydrates,Fat, Proteins–..provide energy(calories)

Minerals,Water,Vitamins…–do not provide energy(calories)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Does alcohol provide energy?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can a food type be rated for its quality

A

Ther rate is based on the amount of essential nutrients in comparison to the amount of calories they provide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name some carbohydrate functions

A
  1. Provide glucose, upon which brain and white, red cells rely as their sole energy source
  2. Glucose can also be coverted in glycogen in muscle and liver for storage (glycogenesis)
  3. Provide energy in order to facilitate body temperature and body metabolism
  4. Work to save up protein. When there is enough fat and carbohydrates, protein is being saved to be used for its primary role which is of tissue synthesis
  5. Reqired for proper fat metabolism.When there is too little amount of carbohydrates, products of fatty-acids called ‘ketone-bodeis’’ accumulate in the blood and might be harmful
  6. eeded for structural compoundsin the body such as chondroitin sulffate, for development of cartilage,bone and nervous tissue.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How can carbohydrates be classifies?

A

Carbohydrates can be classified from simple sugars(monosaccharides, dissacharides) to cmplex polysaccharides (starch, fibre)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which are the alcohol forms of glucose and fructose respectively?

A

Sorbiton and mannitol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many monosaccarides can a sugar, oligosaccharide,polysaccharide be made of

A

1-2
3-9
10 and more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which are the simplest monosaccharides?

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which is the sweetest monosaccharide and where it can be found in?

A

Fructose and ca be found in honey and many fruits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is special for galactose and form where it comes from?

A

It does not occur alone in nature and can be found iin dairy products and comes form the hydrolysis of lactose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which is the energy storage for plants and animals respectively?

A

starch and glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which are the major disaccharides and how they are formed?

A

Lactose maltose, sucrose

glucose+galactose= lactose
glucose+glucose=maltose
glucose+fructose=sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

As what can starch be found?

A

It can be found as
amylopectin( Branched type of starch)
amylose(linear type of starch)

18
Q

Is starch digestibe/ un or both?

A

Amylopectin and amylose are digestible but there issome undigestible strach called ‘resistant starches’ in legumes

19
Q

Is fibre digestible,does it provide energy?

A

Fibre is undigestible and does not provide energy to human body

20
Q

What are the benefits for human body derived from fibre?

A
  1. Promoting gastrointesteinal function and motility
  2. Intefering with the absorption of dietary fat and cholesterol
  3. Slowing the absorption of glucose to regulate insulin secretion
21
Q

In what kind of food can starch be found?

A 
breakfast cerials
bread
pasta
crackers
rice etc
22
Q

Where can fibre be found?

A

Whole grain bread ,pasta,breakfast cerals
potatoes with skin
unpeeled vegetables
Whole cooked beans,peas etc

23
Q

Where can sugar alcoholes be found?

A

In plants and the food-industry

24
Q

Why we use sugar alcohols and where are they been digested?

A

We use them in food industry as sweteners ( chewing gums, oral products-non cariogenic), they are digested in the Large Intestine

25
Q

What happens if glucose exceed normal levels?

A

In this case, insulin is secreted and transforms glucose to glycogen.

26
Q

How human body uses glycogen for energy?

A

If the human body needs energy, then glucogen is secreted which can transform glycogen to glucose

27
Q

In adults:
How much calories should come from carbohydrates?
How much should the sugar intake be?
How much fibre intake must be?

A

50% of calories should come from carbohydraes= 300g
5%=30g
30g/day

28
Q

What is the main characteristic of Diabetes Mellitus?

A

The main characteristic is the high levels of glucose(hyperglyceamia) in serum(blood)

29
Q

Which are the causes of Diabetes Mellitus

A
  1. Insulin Resistance by cells (Insulin does not work properly)
  2. Impaired insulin by the pancreas
  3. and/or increased hepatic glucose production
30
Q

What can Diabetes Mellitus can cause?

A

Amputations
Renal diseases
Blindness

31
Q

What is the cause of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus(T1DM) and what are the results?

A

The immune system destroys the B-cells of the pancreas by mistake, resulting in absolute deficiency in insulin. Glucose cannot be taken up by cells and rises in the blood above normal levels (hyperglycaemia). The excess is excreted in the urine and the body cells are ‘starved’ for energy, as there is no insulin to transform glucose to glycogen.

32
Q

How the human body tries to excrete the excess glucose?

A

Through urination

33
Q

What are the symptoms of T1DM?

A 
polyphagia
polydipsia
polyuria
wight loss
dehydration
electrolyte disturbances
34
Q

How a person can ‘manage’ T1DM?

A

Self-monitor blood glucose frequently
Daily insulin injections
A healthy diet monitoring the carboydrate intake
Regular physical activity

35
Q

What is the poplarity of T2DM

A

T2DM acoounts for 90-95% of all diabetes cases and the incidence is increasing due to the inncreasing incidence of obesity

36
Q

In what can people with T2DM have defects in?

A

Secretion of insulin by pancreas
Increased hepatic glucose production
Defects in the action of insulin

37
Q

What are the symptoms of T2DM?

A 
Family history of diabetes
Obesity
habiyual physical inactivity
Previously identified as pre-diabetic
hypertension of 140/90
HDL cholesterol equal or smaller than35mg/dL    and/or triglycerides ore than 350mg/dL
Ethinicity
38
Q

What is the current guidance in UK regarding T2DM?

A

Promotion of low glycaemic index (GI) food

Emphasis on benefits of regular exercise

39
Q

When can a food can be characterised by low high or medium GI?

A

low: GI less than 55
medium: GI between 55-69
high: GI more than 70

40
Q

In what does low GI food helps to?

A

It provides a small but clinically useful effect on medium-term glycemia (Low GI food can dicrease HbA1C by 0.43% !!

Medical Biochemistry (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions