2. Bryophyte & Pteridophyte

Question 1

Topic - Bryophytes (Study - Bryology)

Question 2

Commonly growing in damp, moist, shaded areas in the hills.
T/F

Answer 2

True

Question 3

They are non-vascular terrestrial plants because

Answer 3

Xylem & Phloem are absent

Question 4

They are called ______ of the plant kingdom because they can live in soil but need _____ for sexual reproduction.

Answer 4

Amphibians of Plant Kingdom;
Water

Question 5

They cannot complete their life cycle without water.
T/F

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Their body is more differentiated than that of algae.
T/F

Answer 6

True

Question 7

It is _____-like (Plant body), prostrate or erect, and attached to the substratum by unicellular or multicellular ______.

Answer 7

Thallus-like (Plant body);
Rhizoids (root-like)

Question 8

They lack true roots, stems, or leaves. They may possess root-like, leaf-like, or stem-like structures.
T/F

Answer 8

True

Question 9

A diploid sporophyte that lives as ______ on an independent haploid gametophyte (Main plant body).

Answer 9

Parasite

Question 10

The main plant body is _____ (diploid/haploid). It produces gametes.
Hence is called ______.

Answer 10

Haploid (Main plant body);
Gametophyte

Question 11

The dominant phase in the life cycle in bryophytes is the ______ plant body.

Answer 11

Gametophytic

Question 12

The sex organs in bryophytes are _____ (uni/multi) cellular.

Answer 12

Multicellular

Question 13

The male sex organ (______) produces biflagellate ______ so that it can swim in the water.

Answer 13

Antheridium; Antherozoids

Question 14

The female sex organ (______) is flask-shaped and produces _____ (single/multiple) eggs.

Answer 14

Archegonium; Single egg

Question 15

Antherozoids are released into the water, where they come in contact with archegonium.
Antherozoid fuses with the egg to form _____.

Answer 15

a Zygote

Question 16

Zygotes do not undergo meiosis immediately and produce a multicellular body called _____.

Answer 16

Sporophyte (but dependent on photosynthesis Gametophyte and derives nourishment from it)

Question 17

Topic - Importance of Bryophytes

Question 18

Some mosses provide food for herbivorous mammals, birds, and other animals.
T/F

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Species of ______ provide peat which is used as fuel and has a ______ capacity, so it is used as packing material for the trans-shipment of living material.

Answer 19

Sphagnum (Moss);
Water-holding Capacity

Question 20

They have great ecological importance because they are important in plant succession on bare rocks/soil.
T/F

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Mosses (along with lichens) decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for the growth of higher plants.
T/F

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Since mosses form dense mats on the soil, they can prevent soil erosion.
T/F

Answer 22

True

Question 23

The bryophytes are divided into:

Answer 23

I. Liverworts
II. Mosses

Question 24

Topic - Liverworts

Question 25

Grow in moist, shady habitats. T/F

Answer 25

True

Question 26

The plant body of a liverwort is _____. Example.

Answer 26

Thalloid; E.g., Marchantia (Dioccious)

Question 27

Leafy members have tiny leaf-like appendages in two rows on the stem-like structures. T/F

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Topic - Repro in Liverworts

Question 29

Asexual reproduction is done by: I. Fragmentation of - II. Formation of -

Answer 29

I. Fragmentation of thalli E.g., Marchantia II. Formation of Gemmae buds (sing. gemma)

Question 30

Gemmae are green, multicellular, ____ (asexual/sexual) buds that develop in small receptacles (______) on the thalli.

Answer 30

Asexual buds; Gemma cups

Question 31

Gemmae detach from the parent body and germinate to form new individuals. T/F

Answer 31

True

Question 32

In this case, (uni/multi) cellular I. Rhizoids - II. Gemma cup -

Answer 32

I. Rhizoids - Unicellular II. Gemma cup - Multicellular

Question 33

Sexual reproduction is done by male and female sex organs produced on the ____ (same/different) thalli.

Answer 33

- Same thalli - Different thalli (Marchantia)

Question 34

Sporophyte is differentiated into:

Answer 34

- Foot - Seta - Capsule

Question 35

After meiosis, spores (n) are produced within _____. These spores germinate to form _____ gametophytes.

Answer 35

Capsule; Free-living gametophyte

Question 36

Topic - Mosses

Question 37

The predominant stage of the life cycle of Moss is the ______ which consists of two stages -

Answer 37

Gametophyte; Two Stages (Protonema & Leafy Stage)

Question 38

Spores do not form gametophyte directly; instead, it forms something called Protonema. T/F

Answer 38

True

Question 39

_____ stage is the first stage which develops directly from _____.

Answer 39

Protonema stage; Spore

Question 40

______ is a creeping, green, branched, and frequently filamentous stage.

Answer 40

Protonema

Question 41

____ stage is the second stage which develops from the ______ as a lateral bud.

Answer 41

Leafy stage; Secondary protonema

Question 42

Secondary protonema consists of upright, slender axes bearing spirally arranged leaves. T/F

Answer 42

True

Question 43

They are attached to the soil through ______. This stage bears the sex organs.

Answer 43

Rhizoids (multicellular & branched)

Question 44

Vegetative reproduction is done by ____ & ____ in the secondary protonema.

Answer 44

Fragmentation; Budding (in secondary protonema)

Question 45

In Sexual reproduction, _____ & _____ are produced at the apex of leafy shoots. After fertilization, the zygote develops into ______ consisting of ______.

Answer 45

Antheridia & Archegonia; Sporophyte (2n); Foot, Seta, and Capsule (contains spores)

Question 46

Spores are formed after _____ (mitosis/meiosis).

Answer 46

Meiosis

Question 47

Mosses have an elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal (pop sound). T/F

Answer 47

True

Question 48

The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than that in liverworts. T/F

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Example of Moss:

Answer 49

- Funaria - Polytrichum - Sphagnum

Question 50

Topic - Pteridophytes

Question 51

Primitive seedless vascular plants that have - I. Conspicuous - II. Inconspicuous (not clearly visible)-

Answer 51

I. Sporophyte (main plant body) II. Gametophytes

Question 52

Pteridophytes are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues. T/F

Answer 52

True

Question 53

Pteridophytes include -

Answer 53

- Horsetails - Ferns

Question 54

Used for medicinal purposes and as soil binders and are frequently grown as ornamentals. T/F

Answer 54

True

Question 55

Found in cool, damp, shady places though some may flourish in sandy soil conditions. T/F

Answer 55

True

Question 56

In pteridophytes, the main plant body is ______, which is differentiated into ______.

Answer 56

Sporophyte; true root, stem, and leaves

Question 57

The leaves in pteridophytes are I. Small - II. Large -

Answer 57

I. Small (Microphylls) in Selaginella II. Large (Macrophylls) in Fern

Question 58

The sporophytes bear sporangia that are subtended by leaf-like appendages called ______.

Answer 58

Sporophylls

Question 59

In some cases, sporophylls may form distinct compact structures called ______.

Answer 59

Strobili (or Cones) (in Selaginella and Equisetum)

Question 60

Sporangia produce spores by meiosis in spore mother cells. T/F

Answer 60

True

Question 61

The spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, small, multicellular, free-living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called ______.

Answer 61

Prothallus

Question 62

The gametophytes bear: I. Male sex organs - II. Female sex organs -

Answer 62

I. Antheridia II. Archegonia

Question 63

____ is needed to transfer antherozoids (male gametes from antheridia) to the mouth of an Archegonium.

Answer 63

Water

Question 64

Antherozoid fuses with the egg in the archegonium to form a zygote. T/F

Answer 64

True

Question 65

Zygote produces a multicellular well-differentiated sporophyte (dominant phase). T/F

Answer 65

True

Question 66

Most of the pteridophytes produce similar kinds of spores (_______). Others produce two kinds of spores (______).

Answer 66

Homosporous plants (Fern); Macro & Microspores

Question 67

Macro & Microspores are heterosporous. Example.

Answer 67

Selaginella & Salvinia

Question 68

Spores germinate and give rise to: I. Female gametophytes - II. Male gametophytes -

Answer 68

I. Megaspores II. Microspores

Question 69

The _____ (male/female) gametophytes are retained on the parent sporophytes for variable periods.

Answer 69

Female gametophytes

Question 70

Within female gametophytes, zygotes develop into young embryos. T/F

Answer 70

True

Question 71

This event (zygotes into embryos) is a precursor to the seed habit. It is considered an important step in evolution. T/F

Answer 71

True

Question 72

Pteridophytes have 4 classes:

Answer 72

1. Psilopsida (e.g. Psilotum) 2. Lycopsida (e.g. Selaginella, Lycopodium) 3. Sphenopsida (e.g. Equisetum) 4. Pteropsida (e.g. Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum (walking fern))