1. Algae Flashcards
Topic - Algae (Study - Phycology)
Algae are simple, thalloid,
I. (Auto/heterotrophic)
II. Largely (terrestrial/aquatic)
I. Autotrophic (Chlorophyll-bearing);
II. Aquatic (fresh and marine)
Found in moist stones, soil, and wood.
T/F
True
Some occur in association with:
I. Fungi -
II. Animals -
I. Lichen
II. On Sloth bear
The form and size of algae are highly variable.
T/F
True
Topic - Reproduction in Algae
Algae reproduce by
I. Vegetative repro -
II. Asexual repro -
III. Sexual repro -
I. Fragmentation (Spirogyra)
II. Production of spores (Chlamydomonas)
III. Fusion of two gametes
In Vegetative reproduction, each fragment develops into a _____.
Thallus (Plant body)
The most common example of Asexual repro.
Zoospores
Zoospores have ______ (motile) and, on ______, give rise to new plants.
Flagellated; Germination
Sexual reproduction by
I. Isogamous -
II. Anisogamous -
III. Oogamous -
I. Isogamous: Fusion of gametes similar in size.
(Morphology - similar & physiology - different)
E.g., Flagellated (Chlamydomonas) or non-flagellated (Spirogyra).
II. Anisogamous: Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size.
E.g. Some species of Chlamydomonas (bruani)
III. Oogamous: Fusion between one large, non-motile (static) female gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete.
Topic - Benefits of Algae
Through photosynthesis, they fix nearly half of the total ____ on earth and increase the level of ______.
CO2; Dissolved Oxygen
Many marine algae (70 species) are used as food.
Examples.
Porphyra, Laminaria, and Sargassum.
Some marine brown & red algae produce large amounts of hydrocolloids (water-holding substances) used commercially.
Examples.
Algin (brown algae) and carrageen (red algae)
They are primary producers and the basis of the food cycles of all aquatic animals.
T/F
True
______ is used as agar-agar to grow microbes and to prepare ______.
Gelidium & Gracilaria;
Ice creams and jellies
______ are unicellular algae, rich in proteins, and are used as food supplements even by space travelers.
SCP:
1. Chlorella
2. Spirulina (BGA & Cyanobacteria)
Algae include three classes:
I. Chlorophyceae (Green algae)
II. Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)
III. Rhodophyceae (Red algae)
Topic - Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)
They are found in freshwater, brackish water, and salt water.
T/F
True
They are usually grass green due to the pigments _____ in chloroplasts.
chlorophyll a and b
The chloroplasts may be discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral, or ribbon-shaped in different species.
T/F
True
Most have one or more storage bodies like ______ located in the chloroplasts.
Pyrenoids
(formation of starch)
(contain protein-core & starchy sheath)
Some algae store food in the form of oil droplets.
T/F
True
Have a rigid cell wall made of -
- Inner layer (Cellulose)
- Outer layer (Pectose)
Common examples of Green algae are -
Chlamydomonas
Volvox
Ulothrix
Spirogyra
Chara (Monecious plant)
Flagella in Chlorophyceae are -
2-8 apical, equal flagella
Exception for green algae that have non-motile gametes.
Spirogyra (Non-flagellated)
Topic - Repro in Chlorophycae (Green Algae)
Vegetative reproduction is done by -
I. Fragmentation
II. By formation of different types of spores.
Asexual reproduction is done by -
Flagellated zoospores (produced in Zoosporangia).
Sexual reproduction (sex cell formation) is done by
I. Isogamous
II. Anisogamous (Eudorina)
III. Oogamous (Chara, Volvox)
Topic - Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae)
They are found in freshwater (rare), brackish water, and salt water.
T/F
True
They vary in color from ___ to ___ depending upon the amount of ___ and ___.
Olive green to brown;
Xanthophyll pigment (Fucoxanthin)
The pigments present in Phaeophyceae.
I. Chlorophyll a, c
II. Carotenoids
III. Xanthophyll (Fucoxanthin)
Food is stored as complex carbohydrates, which may be in the form of ______.
Laminarin or Mannitol
The vegetative cells have _____ walls usually covered on the outside by a gelatinous coating of ____.
Cellulosic wall; Algin
Protoplast contains:
I. Plastids
II. A central vacuole
III. A nucleus
The plant body is attached to the substratum by _____ and has a stalk (_____) and leaf-like photosynthetic organ (_____).
Holdfast; Stipe; Frond
Flagella in Phaeophyceae are -
2, unequal, lateral
Examples of Phaeophycae.
Ectocarpus (Simple branched & filamentous)
Dictyota
Laminaria
Sargassum
Fucus
Kelps
_____ form a massive or profusely branched plant body that may reach up to a height of 100 meters.
Kelps
Topic - Repro in Phaeophycae
Vegetative reproduction is done by -
Fragmentation
Asexual reproduction is done by pear-shaped ______.
Biflagellated Zoospores (2 unequal laterally attached flagella)
Sexual reproduction is done by -
I. Isogamous
II. Anisogamous
III. Oogamous
Union of gametes occurs in water or within the ______.
Oogonium (Oogamous species)
Gametes are pear-shaped (______) bearing two laterally attached flagella.
Pyriform
Topic - Rhodophyceae (Red Algae)
They are found in warmer areas, freshwater (some), brackish water, and saltwater (most).
T/F
True
They have pigments like -
I. Chlorophyll a, d
II. R-phycoerythrin (Red pigment)
III. Phycocyanin
The red thalli of most Red algae are _____ (unicellular/multicellular).
Multicellular
Some of them have complex body organization.
T/F
True
Cell wall of these are made up of -
I. Cellulose
II. Pectin
III. Polysulphate esters
The food is stored as _____, similar to _____ and ______ in structure.
Floridian starch;
Amylopectin & Glycogen
In red algae, spores, and gametes are ______ (non-motile/motile).
non-motile (Flagella is absent)
Example of Rhodophyceae.
Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria, and Gelidium
Topic - Repro in Rhodophyceae
Vegetative reproduction is done by -
Fragmentation
Asexual reproduction is done by -
Aplanospore (Non-motile spores)
Sexual reproduction is done by _____ that has complex post-fertilization developments.
Oogamous (Non-motile gametes)
