1. Algae

Question 1

Topic - Algae (Study - Phycology)

Question 2

Algae are simple, thalloid,
I. (Auto/heterotrophic)
II. Largely (terrestrial/aquatic)

Answer 2

I. Autotrophic (Chlorophyll-bearing);
II. Aquatic (fresh and marine)

Question 3

Found in moist stones, soil, and wood.
T/F

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Some occur in association with:
I. Fungi -
II. Animals -

Answer 4

I. Lichen
II. On Sloth bear

Question 5

The form and size of algae are highly variable.
T/F

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Topic - Reproduction in Algae

Question 7

Algae reproduce by
I. Vegetative repro -
II. Asexual repro -
III. Sexual repro -

Answer 7

I. Fragmentation (Spirogyra)
II. Production of spores (Chlamydomonas)
III. Fusion of two gametes

Question 8

In Vegetative reproduction, each fragment develops into a _____.

Answer 8

Thallus (Plant body)

Question 9

The most common example of Asexual repro.

Answer 9

Zoospores

Question 10

Zoospores have ______ (motile) and, on ______, give rise to new plants.

Answer 10

Flagellated; Germination

Question 11

Sexual reproduction by
I. Isogamous -
II. Anisogamous -
III. Oogamous -

Answer 11

I. Isogamous: Fusion of gametes similar in size.
(Morphology - similar & physiology - different)
E.g., Flagellated (Chlamydomonas) or non-flagellated (Spirogyra).
II. Anisogamous: Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size.
E.g. Some species of Chlamydomonas (bruani)
III. Oogamous: Fusion between one large, non-motile (static) female gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete.

Question 12

Topic - Benefits of Algae

Question 13

Through photosynthesis, they fix nearly half of the total ____ on earth and increase the level of ______.

Answer 13

CO2; Dissolved Oxygen

Question 14

Many marine algae (70 species) are used as food.
Examples.

Answer 14

Porphyra, Laminaria, and Sargassum.

Question 15

Some marine brown & red algae produce large amounts of hydrocolloids (water-holding substances) used commercially.
Examples.

Answer 15

Algin (brown algae) and carrageen (red algae)

Question 16

They are primary producers and the basis of the food cycles of all aquatic animals.
T/F

Answer 16

True

Question 17

______ is used as agar-agar to grow microbes and to prepare ______.

Answer 17

Gelidium & Gracilaria;
Ice creams and jellies

Question 18

______ are unicellular algae, rich in proteins, and are used as food supplements even by space travelers.

Answer 18

SCP:
1. Chlorella
2. Spirulina (BGA & Cyanobacteria)

Question 19

Algae include three classes:

Answer 19

I. Chlorophyceae (Green algae)
II. Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)
III. Rhodophyceae (Red algae)

Question 20

Topic - Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)

Question 21

They are found in freshwater, brackish water, and salt water.
T/F

Answer 21

True

Question 22

They are usually grass green due to the pigments _____ in chloroplasts.

Answer 22

chlorophyll a and b

Question 23

The chloroplasts may be discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral, or ribbon-shaped in different species.
T/F

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Most have one or more storage bodies like ______ located in the chloroplasts.

Answer 24

Pyrenoids
(formation of starch)
(contain protein-core & starchy sheath)

Question 25

Some algae store food in the form of oil droplets. T/F

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Have a rigid cell wall made of -

Answer 26

- Inner layer (Cellulose) - Outer layer (Pectose)

Question 27

Common examples of Green algae are -

Answer 27

Chlamydomonas Volvox Ulothrix Spirogyra Chara (Monecious plant)

Question 28

Flagella in Chlorophyceae are -

Answer 28

2-8 apical, equal flagella

Question 29

Exception for green algae that have non-motile gametes.

Answer 29

Spirogyra (Non-flagellated)

Question 30

Topic - Repro in Chlorophycae (Green Algae)

Question 31

Vegetative reproduction is done by -

Answer 31

I. Fragmentation II. By formation of different types of spores.

Question 32

Asexual reproduction is done by -

Answer 32

Flagellated zoospores (produced in Zoosporangia).

Question 33

Sexual reproduction (sex cell formation) is done by

Answer 33

I. Isogamous II. Anisogamous (Eudorina) III. Oogamous (Chara, Volvox)

Question 34

Topic - Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae)

Question 35

They are found in freshwater (rare), brackish water, and salt water. T/F

Answer 35

True

Question 36

They vary in color from ___ to ___ depending upon the amount of ___ and ___.

Answer 36

Olive green to brown; Xanthophyll pigment (Fucoxanthin)

Question 37

The pigments present in Phaeophyceae.

Answer 37

I. Chlorophyll a, c II. Carotenoids III. Xanthophyll (Fucoxanthin)

Question 38

Food is stored as complex carbohydrates, which may be in the form of ______.

Answer 38

Laminarin or Mannitol

Question 39

The vegetative cells have _____ walls usually covered on the outside by a gelatinous coating of ____.

Answer 39

Cellulosic wall; Algin

Question 40

Protoplast contains:

Answer 40

I. Plastids II. A central vacuole III. A nucleus

Question 41

The plant body is attached to the substratum by _____ and has a stalk (_____) and leaf-like photosynthetic organ (_____).

Answer 41

Holdfast; Stipe; Frond

Question 42

Flagella in Phaeophyceae are -

Answer 42

2, unequal, lateral

Question 43

Examples of Phaeophycae.

Answer 43

Ectocarpus (Simple branched & filamentous) Dictyota Laminaria Sargassum Fucus Kelps

Question 44

_____ form a massive or profusely branched plant body that may reach up to a height of 100 meters.

Answer 44

Kelps

Question 45

Topic - Repro in Phaeophycae

Question 46

Vegetative reproduction is done by -

Answer 46

Fragmentation

Question 47

Asexual reproduction is done by pear-shaped ______.

Answer 47

Biflagellated Zoospores (2 unequal laterally attached flagella)

Question 48

Sexual reproduction is done by -

Answer 48

I. Isogamous II. Anisogamous III. Oogamous

Question 49

Union of gametes occurs in water or within the ______.

Answer 49

Oogonium (Oogamous species)

Question 50

Gametes are pear-shaped (______) bearing two laterally attached flagella.

Answer 50

Pyriform

Question 51

Topic - Rhodophyceae (Red Algae)

Question 52

They are found in warmer areas, freshwater (some), brackish water, and saltwater (most). T/F

Answer 52

True

Question 53

They have pigments like -

Answer 53

I. Chlorophyll a, d II. R-phycoerythrin (Red pigment) III. Phycocyanin

Question 54

The red thalli of most Red algae are _____ (unicellular/multicellular).

Answer 54

Multicellular

Question 55

Some of them have complex body organization. T/F

Answer 55

True

Question 56

Cell wall of these are made up of -

Answer 56

I. Cellulose II. Pectin III. Polysulphate esters

Question 57

The food is stored as _____, similar to _____ and ______ in structure.

Answer 57

Floridian starch; Amylopectin & Glycogen

Question 58

In red algae, spores, and gametes are ______ (non-motile/motile).

Answer 58

non-motile (Flagella is absent)

Question 59

Example of Rhodophyceae.

Answer 59

Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria, and Gelidium

Question 60

Topic - Repro in Rhodophyceae

Question 61

Vegetative reproduction is done by -

Answer 61

Fragmentation

Question 62

Asexual reproduction is done by -

Answer 62

Aplanospore (Non-motile spores)

Question 63

Sexual reproduction is done by _____ that has complex post-fertilization developments.

Answer 63

Oogamous (Non-motile gametes)