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Mustafa respiratory > 2 Breathing Mechanics > Flashcards

2 Breathing Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What does Boyle’s law dictate?

A

Pressure exerted by gas is inversely proportional to its volume
(P proportional to 1/V)
i.e. larger volume of gas lower pressure

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2
Q

What is dalton’s law?

A

Total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of pressures of all individual gases

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3
Q

What is charles’ law?

A

Volume of a gas is proportional to temperature
(V proportional T)

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4
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

Amount of gas dissolved in a liquid depends on its solubility & pressure

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5
Q

What binds the lower respiratory system?

A

Ribs
Spine
Diaphragm

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6
Q

What is differnet about the external anatomy of the lungs?

A

Right lung has 3 lobes
Left only has 2 lobes

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7
Q

What are the lobes of the lung called?

A

Superior and inferior
Right lung has middle lobe

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8
Q

What encloses each lung?

A

Two pleural membranes separated by thin space of pleural fluid

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9
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

Space around heart

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10
Q

What is the inner pleural membrane called

A

The one around lung (inner) is visceral pleura

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11
Q

What is the outer pleural membrane called?

A

The one coating inner rib surface (outer) is Parietal pleura

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12
Q

What is inflammation of the pleura called?

A

Pleurisy

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13
Q

What do pleura do?

A

Effectively stick lungs to ribs
Elastic recoil of chest wall keeps lung stretched open by opposing action of ribs at rest

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14
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

When air gets into the pleural cavity causing lung to detach from ribs and collapse

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15
Q

What muscles are involved in inspiration?

A

External intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
Sternocleidomastoids
Scalenes

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16
Q

What muscles are involved in expiration?

A

Passive at rest
Under heavy respiratory load - internal intercostal muscles & abdominal muscles

17
Q

What are the scalenes?

A

3 pairs of muscles in lateral neck connecting transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to the first 2 ribs

18
Q

How does air enter the lungs?

A
  • Muscles cause lung to expand increasing volume.
  • Due to boyle’s law, pressure decreases
  • Air moves from higher pressure outside to lower pressure in lung
19
Q

What abnormal action occurs during asthma?

A

Over-constriction of bronchial smooth muscle

20
Q

How does asthma cause breathing problems?

A

Over-constricted smooth muscle decreases airway diameter
Air flow resistance increases
Expiration becomes difficult

21
Q

What are the 3 relevant pressures in breathing?

A

Intra-thoracic pressure (Alveolar) (Pa)
Intra-pleural pressure (Pip)
Transpulmonary pressure (Pt)

22
Q

What is intra-thoracic (alveolar) pressure?

A

Pa:
Pressure inside thoracic cavity (lungs).
-ve or +ve compared to atmospheric pressure

23
Q

What is intra-pleural pressure?

A

Pip:
Pressure inside pleural cavity.
Always -ve

24
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

Pt:
alveolar pressure - intra-pleural pressure.
Always +ve because Pip is always -ve.

25
Q

Is Alveolar pressure +ve or -ve?

A

Either as compared to atmospheric pressure

26
Q

Is intra-pleural pressure -ve or +ve?

A

Always -ve

27
Q

How is transpulmonary pressure determined?

A

Pt = Pa - Pip

28
Q

What is the measurment of pressure?

A

mm Hg
‘millimetres of mercury’

29
Q

How does alveolar pressure change?

A

During inspiration it decreases then returns to normal
During expiration it increases then returns to normal

30
Q

How does intrapleural pressure change?

A

It decreases during inspiration
Returns to normal during expiration

31
Q

What effects bulk air flow between atmosphere & alveoli?

A

Proportional to differnce between atmospheric & alveolar pressure.
Inversely proportional to airway resistance.

32
Q

Equation for bulk flow of air?

A

F = (Patm - Pa)/R

33
Q

When does Patm = Pa?

A

Between breaths at the end of unforced expiration

34
Q

What factor determines how much air flows into the lungs?

A
  • Airway resistance
  • Pressure difference between atmosphere & alveoli

Mustafa respiratory (12 decks)

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