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APM- Neuro anatomy > 2 - Brain anatomy and Cortical localisation > Flashcards

2 - Brain anatomy and Cortical localisation Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the brainstem located?

A

Beneath the cerebrum and in front of the cerebellum

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain stem?

A
  1. The midbrain
  2. The pons
  3. The medulla
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3
Q

What are the 2 paired structures coming out the midbrain called?

A

Cerebral peduncle

of midbrain

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4
Q

Describe the Cerebral peduncle

(of midbrain)?

A

White matter fibres travel here

These fibres attach our midbrain to the rest of the brain

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5
Q

What is found on the medulla?

A

Bulges

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6
Q

What is the innermost bulge in the medulla called?

A

The pyramids

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7
Q

What is the outermost bulge in the medulla called?

A

The olives

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8
Q

How many cranial nerves arise from the brain stem?

A

10

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9
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the brain stem?

A 
III- Occulomotor 
IV- Trochlear 
V- Trigeminal 
VI- Abducens 
VII- Facial 
VIII - Vestibulocochlear
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus
XII - Hypoglossal
XI – Accessory
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10
Q

Where does the oculomotor nerve arise from?

A

The Cerebral peduncle in the midbrain

Ventral

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11
Q

Where does the trigeminal nerve arise from?

A

Emerges from the middle of the pons

Ventral

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12
Q

Where does the Abducens nerve emerge from?

A

The junction between the pons and the medulla
At the midline
(Ventral)

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13
Q

Where does the Facial nerve emerge from?

A

The junction between the pons and the medulla
Lateral to the midline
(Ventral)

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14
Q

Where does the Vestibulocochlear nerve emerge from?

A

The junction between the pons and the medulla
Lateral to the 7th
(Ventral)

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15
Q

Where does the Glossopharyngeal nerve emerge from?

A

At the medulla just inferior to 8th cranial nerve

Ventral

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16
Q

Where does the Vagus nerve emerge from?

A

At the medulla just inferior to 9th cranial nerve

Ventral

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17
Q

Where does the Hypoglossal nerve emerge from?

A

At the medulla between the junction of the pyramids and the olives
(Ventral)

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18
Q

Where does the accessory nerve emerge from?

A

At the medulla just inferior to 10th cranial nerve

Ventral

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19
Q

Which cranial nerves do not emerge from the brainstem

A

I- Olfactory nerve

II- optic

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20
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve emerge from?

A

Dorsal side of the brain stem below the inferior colliculi

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21
Q

What are the bumps visible on the dorsal side of the midbrain?

A

Colliculi

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22
Q

How many Colliculi are found on the dorsal side of the midbrain?

A

4 (2 pa
2 superior
2 inferior

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23
Q

Which of the 10 cranial nerves emerging from the brainstem is different to the rest and why?

A

The trochlear nerve as it emerges from the dorsal side of the brain

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24
Q

The space between the pons and the cerebellum is filled with what?

A

Fluid

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25
Q

What happens if we remove the cerebellum?

A

We are left is the floor of the fluid space

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26
Q

What is found at the top of the medulla?

A

The open medulla which is the space where fluid is

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27
Q

What is space lateral to the open medulla called?

A

The closed medulla

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28
Q

What are cranial nerves I and II

A

Extensions of the cerebrum

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29
Q

Where does the olfactory nerve emerge from

A

Synapses with the olfactory bulb which is an extension of the telencephalon

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30
Q

What is the olfactory nerve an extension of?

A

The telencephalon

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31
Q

How does information travel along the olfactory nerve?

A
  1. Electrical impulse travels through the olfactory nerve
  2. Synapses with the olfactory bulb
  3. Then passes through the olfactory tract
  4. Impulse is Brough to the cortex which processes the information
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32
Q

Where does the optic nerve emerge from?

A

Develops as an extension of the diencephalon

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33
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

The inner brain

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34
Q

How many divisions are there of the diencephalon?

A

There are 4 division

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35
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the diencephalon

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Epithalamus
  4. Subthalamus
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36
Q

Where is the diencephalon found?

A

Sits on top of the brainstem connecting it to the central hemisphere

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37
Q

Describe the thalamus segment of the diencephalon

A

Made up of several nuclei
It is all grey matter
They relay stations between parts of the CNS
Kind of like the receptionist of the diencephalon

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38
Q

Where is the thalamus located in the diencephalon

A

In the centre

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39
Q

What does the thalamus do in the brain?

A

Receives info from the spinal cord and the brain and sends that information to the different corresponding parts of the brain

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40
Q

Describe the hypothalamus

A

Made up of several nuclei

Completely grey matter

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41
Q

Where is the hypothalamus found?

A

Below the thalamus

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42
Q

What is the function is the hypothalamus

A

Regulates neuroendocrine and autonomic functions

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43
Q

Where is the Subthalamus found?

A

Found below and lateral to the thalamus

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44
Q

What is the function of the sub thalamus?

A

It is involved in motor control

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45
Q

In which view is the sub thalamus not visible?

A

The midsagittal view

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46
Q

Where is the epithalamus found?

A

Upon (above) the thalamus

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47
Q

Describe the epithalamus

A

It includes the pineal gland

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48
Q

Describe the pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin which regulates sleep an wake cycles

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49
Q

What are folds in the brain called?

A

Gyri (sing= gyrus)

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50
Q

What are grooves in the brain called?

A

Sulci (Sing= sulcus)

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51
Q

What are specific sulk in the brain used to do?

A

They are used to divide the cerebral hemisphere into lobes

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52
Q

What is the groove right in the centre called?

A

The central sulcus

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53
Q

Why is the central sulcus important?

A

It separates the frontal and parietal lobe

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54
Q

Why is the lateral sulcus important?

A

It separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

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55
Q

Which grooves can be found in the temporal lobe?

A

The superior and inferior temporal sulci

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56
Q

What is the groove right at the back of the brain called?

A

The parieto-occipital sulcus

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57
Q

Which 6 sulci must we be aware of?

A
  1. Central sulcus
  2. Lateral sulcus
  3. Inferior temporal sulcus
  4. Superior temporal sulcus
  5. Parieto-occipital sulcus
  6. Calcarine sulcus
  7. The cingulate sulcus
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58
Q

Why is the parieto-occipital sulcus important?

A

It separates our parietal and occipital lobes

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59
Q

Which sulcus is found at the caudal end of the medial surface of the brain?

A

The calcarine sulcus

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60
Q

Why is the calcarine sulcus important?

A

It is involved in the visual pathway

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61
Q

What is the function os the corpus callosum?

A

Bind of white matter fibres that attaches the left hemisphere to the right hemisphere

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62
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

It is the motor cortex

It regulates emotions, behaviour and personality

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63
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

It is the sensory cortex
It is important fro spacial awareness
It is important for understanding language

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64
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

It is the auditory cortex

It is responsible fro regulating emotions

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65
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

It is the visual cortex

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66
Q

Why is Phineas Gage famous?

A

He survived after a steel rod went through his jaw and brain
He sustained massive damage to the left frontal lobe

67
Q

What happened to Phineas Gage after he sustained his injury?

A

He survived but suffered massive damage to his left frontal lobe
This caused him to become impulsive He lost the ability to make sound judgements

68
Q

How many types of projection areas do we have?

A

2: Primary and secondary projection areas

69
Q

What are primary projection areas?

A

They are where sensory pathways finish or where motor pathways begin

70
Q

What happens at sensory areas?

A

Specific sensory pathways terminate here

71
Q

Where do general sensory impulses terminate?

A

In the post central gyrus

72
Q

Where do visual impulses terminate?

A

Around the Calcarine sulcus and posterior aspect of occipital lobe (striate cortex)

73
Q

Where do auditory impulses terminate?

A

Heschl’s gyrus

74
Q

What originates in motor areas?

A

Major descending motor pathways originate here

75
Q

Where does the primary motor cortex originate?

A

The Precentral gyrus

76
Q

What do we call anything anterior to the central sulcus?

A

The precentral gyrus where the primary motor cortex originates

77
Q

What do we call anything posterior to the central sulcus?

A

The postcentral gyrus where primary somatosensory impulses terminate

78
Q

What is found at the top of the temporal lobe?

A

The Hechl gyrus

where the primary auditory cortex is found

79
Q

What is found at the very back of our occipital lobe?

A

The primary visual cortex

80
Q

Where does the primary cortex start and extend to?

A

Extends from around the calcimine suluc to the occipital pole

81
Q

Where does sensory information from our legs get processes?

A

The mid line of the brain

82
Q

Where does sensory information from our face get processes?

A

More lateral

83
Q

Describe secondary sensory areas

A

They receive input from primary sensory areas

They are involved in interpretation and understanding

84
Q

Where are general sensory impulses (somaesthetic) processed?

A

Superior parietal lobe

85
Q

Where are visual impulses processed?

A

Pre-striate cortex

86
Q

Where are audiory impulses processed?

A

Lateral fissure

Superior temporal gyrus

87
Q

Describe secondary motor areas

A

They send outputs to primary motor areas

They organise patterns of movement

88
Q

Where is the pre motor cortex located?

A

Anterior to precentral sulcus on lateral surface

89
Q

Where is the supplementary motor area located ?

A

Anterior to precentral sulcus on medial surface

90
Q

Where is the frontal eye field located

A

Anterior to pre-motor area

91
Q

Where are motor association areas found?

A

Anterior to the pre central gyrus

92
Q

What is the function of the frontal eye field?

A

It regulates voluntary movement of the eyes

93
Q

Where are association areas found?

A

Surrounding our primary visual areas

94
Q

Typically which of the 2 hemispheres is the more dominant one?

A

The left hemisphere for right handed people

95
Q

What does the left hemisphere contain?

A

The 2o auditory area

96
Q

What is Wernicke’s area important for?

A

It is essential for sensory understanding and understand language (sensory association cortex for auditory information)

97
Q

What is Broca’s area important for?

A

It is found in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere

It is important for speech production

98
Q

What happens when there is a lesion in the Wernicke’s or Broca’s area?

A

You get Aphasia

99
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Problem in speech

100
Q

What is a lesion in the Broca’s area called and what can this lead to?

A

Broca’s aphasia (non-fluent aphasia)
Problems in finding words and articulating what they want to say
Trouble in forming sentences

101
Q

What is a lesion in the Wernickes area called and what can this lead to?

A 
Wernickes aphasia (fluent)
Problems in understanding speech and speaking
102
Q

Describe the levels in cortical organisation

A

Level 1: Some areas have precise sensory or motor function.
Level 2: Other areas progressively more associative or integrative.
Level 3+: As ascend “hierarchy” we find certain hemispheres are specialised in certain areas

103
Q

What attaches the midbrain to the rest of the brain?

A

Cerebral peduncle

104
Q

Which sulcus separates the frontal and temporal lobes?

A

The lateral sulcus

105
Q

Which lobe is described as the auditory cortex?

A

The temporal lobe

106
Q

What is the 3rd cranial nerve called?

A

Occulomotor

107
Q

What is the 5th cranial nerve called?

A

Trigeminal nerve

108
Q

What is found below and lateral to the thalamus in the diencephalon?

A

The subthalamus

109
Q

Which nerve emerges lateral to the 7th cranial nerve at the junction between the pons and the medulla?

A

The Vestibulocochlear (8th)

110
Q

Which nerve emerges at the medulla just inferior to 10th cranial nerve?

A

The accessory nerve (12th)

111
Q

Which nerve emerges at the medulla just inferior to 9th cranial nerve?

A

The vagus nerve (10th)

112
Q

Which 2 lobes are responsible for regulating emotions?

A

The temporal and frontal lobes

113
Q

Which nerve(s) emerge from the junction between the pons and the medulla?

A

The Abducens (6th), Facial (7th) and Vestibulocochlear (8th)

114
Q

What is the 6th cranial nerve called?

A

Abducens

115
Q

Which lobe is important for special awareness?

A

The parietal lobe

116
Q

What is the 7th cranial nerve called?

A

Facial

117
Q

Why is the trochlear nerve different to the other cranial nerves found on the brain stem?

A

The trochlear nerve is different as it emerges from the dorsal side of the brain

118
Q

Which cranial nerve emerges from the middle of the pons?

A

The trigeminal nerve (V)

119
Q

What is the 8th cranial nerve called?

A

Vestibulocochlear

120
Q

Which lobe is important for understanding languages?

A

The parietal lobe

121
Q

Which sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

The central sulcus

122
Q

Which nerve emerges st the medulla between the junction of the pyramids and the olives?

A

The hypoglossal nerve (11th)

123
Q

Which nerve emerges from the MIDLINE of the junction between the pons and the medulla?

A

The Abducens (6th),

124
Q

Which nerve is an extension of the telencephalon?

A

The olfactory nerve (1st)

125
Q

What is the 9th cranial nerve called?

A

Glossopharyngeal

126
Q

Which lobe is described as the visual cortex?

A

The occipital lobe

127
Q

Which section of the diencephalon regulates neuroendocrine and autonomic function?

A

The hypothalamus

128
Q

What is the 10th cranial nerve called?

A

Vagus

129
Q

What is located Anterior to precentral sulcus on medial surface?

A

The supplementary motor area

130
Q

What is the 12th cranial nerve called?

A

Hypoglossal

131
Q

Where is the pre central gyrus found?

A

Anterior to the central sulcus

132
Q

Which section of the diencephalon is in involved in motor control?

A

The subthalamus

133
Q

Which lobe is described as the sensory cortex?

A

The parietal lobe

134
Q

Where is the pineal gland found?

A

The epithalamus division of the diencephalon

135
Q

What are sulci?

A

Grooves in the brain

136
Q

Which cranial nerve arises from the Cerebral peduncle?

A

The 3rd cranial nerve

137
Q

What is found below the thalamus in the diaencephalon?

A

The hypothalamus

138
Q

What is located Anterior to precentral sulcus on lateral surface?

A

The pre motor cortex

139
Q

Which nerve emerges lateral to the midline of the junction between the pons and the medulla?

A

Facial (7th)

140
Q

Which lobe is in-charge of regulating emotions, behaviour and personality?

A

The frontal lobe

141
Q

What is the 11th cranial nerve called?

A

Accessory

142
Q

Which nerve is an extension of the diencephalon?

A

The optic nerve (2nd)

143
Q

What is processed at the Lateral fissure and Superior temporal gyrus?

A

Auditory impulses

144
Q

Which nerve emerges at the medulla just inferior to 8th cranial nerve?

A

The glossopharynegeal nerve (9th)

145
Q

Where is the post central gyrus found?

A

Posterior to the central sulcus

146
Q

Which nerve emerges just below the inferior colliculi?

A

The trochlear nerve (4th)

147
Q

Which hormone regulates the sleep wake cycle and by which gland is it secreted?

A

Melatonin it is secreted by the pineal gland which is found in the epithalamus

148
Q

Which section of the diencephalon is the relay system of the brain?

A

The thalamus

149
Q

What does it mean when we say the thalamus is the relay system of the brain?

A

It Receives info from the spinal cord and the brain and processes and sends that information to the corresponding part of the brain

150
Q

What are gyri?

A

Folds in the brain

151
Q

What is processed at the Pre-striate cortex?

A

visual impulses

152
Q

Where is the central sulcus?

A

The groove right in the middle of the brain

153
Q

Where are the superior and inferior temporal sulci found?

A

In the temporal lobe

154
Q

The calcarine sulcus is found where?

A

In the middle of our occipital lobe?

155
Q

Which lobe is described as the “motor cortex”?

A

The frontal lobe

156
Q

If someone is having trouble understanding speech and speaking what might they have?

A

Wernickes aphasia

157
Q

What terminates in the post central gyrus?

A

General sensory impulses

158
Q

What terminates Around the Calcarine sulcus and posterior aspect of occipital lobe (striate cortex)?

A

Visual impulses

159
Q

What terminates at Heschl’s gyrus?

A

Auditory impulses

160
Q

What originates at the Precentral gyrus?

A

The primary motor cortex

161
Q

Where is the Hechl gyrus found?

A

At the top of the temporal lobe

162
Q

What is processed at the Superior parietal lobe?

A

General sensory impulses (somaesthetic)

163
Q

What is located Anterior to pre-motor area?

A

The frontal eye field

164
Q

If someone is having trouble forming sentences what might they have?

A

Broca’s aphasia

APM- Neuro anatomy (7 decks)

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