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1- Introduction to the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

State some of the functions of the nervous

A
  1. To detect changes in both the external and internal environment
  2. To receive sensory input
  3. To relay information and analyse it
  4. To initiate appropriate responses
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2
Q

What are neurones?

A

They are the most basic unit of the nervous system

They are cells

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3
Q

What is the role of neurones?

A

To convey information via electrical signals

It receives, integrates and transmits electrical information

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4
Q

What are the 3 main types of neurones?

A
  1. Afferent/sensory
  2. Efferent/ Motor
  3. Interneurones
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5
Q

Describe afferent neurones

A

They carry electrical information from the receptors to the CNS
(Brings input to the CNS)

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6
Q

Describe efferent neurones

A

They carry electrical information from the CNS to the peripheral effectors

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7
Q

Describe interneurones

A

Found only in the CNS

They link the afferent neurones with the efferent ones

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8
Q

Describe the cell body of neurones

A

Inside the cell body there is a nucleus which all the cells organs

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9
Q

What makes neurones different to other cells?

A
  1. They have dendrites

2. It has an Axon

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10
Q

Describe dendrites

A

They are projections fro the cell body that receive information

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11
Q

Describe axons

A

It is in-charge of sending information the cell body receives to the other neurones

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12
Q

What is a synapse

A

This is where neurone 1 meets neurone 2

It is where 2 neurones communicate

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13
Q

What is the neurone before the synapse called?

A

Pre synaptic cells

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14
Q

What is the post synaptic cell

A

The neurone after the synapse

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15
Q

What happens at the synapse?

A

Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neurone

These neurotransmitters are picked up by the post synaptic neurone

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16
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical messengers that send electrical signals to the post synaptic neurone

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17
Q

What is the Nervous system split into?

A
  1. The central nervous system

2. The peripheral nervous system

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18
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A

Only the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

What can the peripheral nervous system be slit into?

A
  1. The somatic nervous system

2. The autonomic nervous system

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20
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

It controls the external actions of skin and muscle

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21
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

It controls internal activities of the organs and glands

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22
Q

What can the autonomic nervous system be further split into?

A
  1. The sympathetic nervous system

2. The parasympathetic nervous system

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23
Q

Define the term anterior

A

Anything towards the front of the body

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24
Q

Define the term ventral

A

Anything towards the front of the body

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25
Define the term posterior
Anything towards the back of the body
26
Define the term dorsal
Anything towards the back of the body
27
Define the term rostral
Towards the head (Above) | Synonymous with superior
28
Define the term caudal
Towards the feet/ tail (below) | Synonymous with inferior
29
What is the coronal plane?
An imaginary plane dividing the body into dorsal (posterior) and ventral (Anterior) parts
30
What is the sagittal plane?
An imaginary plane dividing the body into left and right sides
31
What is the transverse plane?
An imaginary dividing line that separates the superior and inferior sections of the body
32
What does the CNS develop from?
A neurone tube that develops a bend at the superior rostral part of the head
33
In the brain what is dorsal synonymous with after the bend forms?
Superior
34
In the brain what is ventral synonymous with after the bend forms?
Inferior
35
In the brain what is posterior synonymous with after the bend forms?
Caudal
36
In the brain what is rostral synonymous with after the bend forms?
Anterior
37
Describe the cerebrum in the brain
The cerebrum is a large part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex as well as several subcortical structures
38
What are some of the sub divisions of the CNS?
1. The cerebrum 2. The brain stem 3. The cerebellum 4. The spinal cord
39
What can the cerebrum be divided into?
The outer brain (Telencephalon) | The inner brain (Diencephalon)
40
What can the outer brain also be called?
Telencephalon
41
What can the inner brain also be called?
Diencephalon
42
What can the brainstem be further divided into
``` The midbrain (top portion) Pons (middle brown portion) Medulla oblongata (inferior part) ```
43
What is the role of the brain stem?
Links our brain to the spinal cord
44
What is the medulla oblongata directly connected to?
The spinal cord
45
Describe the cerebellum
Is translates to the 'small brain' | It is found at the back below the cerebrum
46
Describe how the CNS forms in the embryo
As a hollow straight tube | It forms 3 swellings and a bend at the rostral end
47
What are the 3 swellings that develop in the hollow tube in utero responsible for?
They are responsible for developing into the different parts of the brain
48
What are the 3 swellings that develop in the hollow tube in utero called?
1. The forebrain (Prosencephalon) 2. The midbrain (Mesencephalon) 3. The hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
49
What is another name for the forebrain?
Prosencephalon
50
What is another name for the midbrain?
Mesencephalon
51
What is another name for the hindbrain?
Rhombencephalon
52
Anything at the caudal end of the tube develops to form what?
The spinal cord
53
What does the central canal develop into?
It remains and develops into expansion fluid
54
What happens once the first 3 swellings have formed in the embryo?
These 3 swellings become 5 swellings
55
What are the 5 new swellings that form after the first 3 swellings called?
1. Telencephalon 2. Diencephalon 3. Mesencephalon 4. Metencephalon 5. Myelencephalon
56
What does the Prosencephalon (forebrain) swelling turn into?
Telencephalon | Diencephalon
57
What does the diencephalon give rise to?
Our optic vessels
58
What does the Mesencephalon (middle brain) swelling turn into?
Stays the same
59
What does the Rhombencephalon (hind brain) swelling turn into?
Metencephalon | Myelencephalon
60
What does the telencephalon give rise to in the mature brain?
The cerebral hemisphere
61
What does the Diencephalon give rise to in the mature brain?
The Diencephalon | ie the thalamus and hypothalamus ect
62
What does the Mesencephalon give rise to in the mature brain?
The midbrain
63
What does the Metencephalon give rise to in the mature brain?
The pons | The cerebellum
64
What does the Myelencephalon give rise to in the mature brain?
The medulla oblongata
65
Summarise the 5 steps involved in forming the central nervous system
1. Adult CNS from hollow neural tube. 2. Five swellings develop at rostral end. 3. Each forms a subdivision of adult brain. 4. Rest of tube forms spinal cord. 5. Cavity of tube persists in different degrees of expansion throughout tube
66
What is grey matter made up of?
1. Cell bodies | 2. Points of synapses
67
What is white matter matter made up of?
Axons and Tracts
68
Whta is the brain divided into?
The left and right hemisphere
69
What actually separates the left and right hemisphere?
A longitudinal fissure | also known as the superior sagittal fissure
70
What connects the right and left hemisphere?
The corpus callosum
71
Describe the corpus callosum
It is a structure that connects the right hemisphere with the left It is found deep in the brain It is a huge band of white matter
72
Where is the cerebellum formed?
Behind the brainstem and below the cerebral hemisphere
73
What are the 4 lobes the brain is split into called?
1. Frontal lobe 2. Parietal lobe 3. Occipital lobe 4. Temporal lobe
74
How many cranial nerves do we have?
12 Pairs
75
What do the 12 cranial nerves supply?
Supplies the head and neck structures
76
Why is the surface of the brain highly folded?
To increase the surface area
77
What are the folds in the brain called?
A Gyrus | plural Gyri
78
What are grooves in the brain called?
A Sulcus | plural sulci
79
Where do we find grey matter?
Under the cerebral surface and deep in the brain
80
What are found in the 'empty' spaces in the brain?
Cerebral spinal fluid | CSF
81
What is the spinal cord protected by?
The bones in our vertebral column
82
What are the 4 main segments of the spinal cord?
1. Cervical Segment 2. Thoracic Segment 3. Lumbar Segment 4. Sacral Segment
83
How many bones make up our cerebral column?
33
84
What are the different types of bone that make up our vertebral column?
``` cervical thoracic lumbar sacrem coxix ```
85
Does the spinal cord finish before or after the vertebral column?
Before
86
What do we have at the end of the vertebral column when the spinal cord ends ?
The cauda equina: | A lot of nerves at the bottom of our spinal cord
87
How many segments can the spinal cord be split into after the 4 main ones?
31
88
Roughly what are the main 31 segments of the spinal cord?
``` 8 Cervical (C1-C8) 12 Thoracic (T1-T12) 5 Lumbar (L1-L5) 5 Sacral (S1-S5) 1 coccygeal (Co1) ```
89
How many spinal nerves do we have?
31 pairs of spinal nerves that form the 31 segments
90
What does each spinal cord segment give rise to?
1 Pair of segmental spinal nerves
91
What do the 31 pairs of spinal nerves form?
The peripheral nervous system (PNS)
92
Where is the white matter found in the spinal cord?
The outside
93
Where is the grey matter found in the spinal cord?
The inside
94
What can the grey matter in the spinal cord be divided into?
Into horns: 1. The dorsal horn 2. The lateral horn (T1-L2) (S2-S4) 3. Ventral horn
95
What does the dorsal horn of the GREY matter in the spinal cord contain?
Cell bodies of sensory neurones
96
What does the lateral horn of the GREY matter in the spinal cord contain?
Cell bodies of our autonomic neurones
97
What does the ventral horn of the GREY matter in the spinal cord contain?
Cell bodies of motor neurones
98
Where does the lateral horn only exist
At the T1-L2 level and the S2-S4 level
99
What is white matter in the spinal cord divides into?
Columns: 1. Dorsal white column 2. Lateral white column 3. Ventral white column 4. Ventral white commisure
100
What does the Dorsal white column of the WHITE matter in the spinal cord contain?
Nerve axons responsible for bringing sensory fibres to the spinal cord
101
What does the lateral white column of the WHITE matter in the spinal cord contain?
Nerve axons responsible for bringing motor fibres to the spinal cord
102
What does the ventral white column of the WHITE matter in the spinal cord contain?
Nerve axons responsible for bringing motor and sensory fibres to the spinal cord
103
What does the Ventral white commisure of the WHITE matter in the spinal cord allow?
Allows communication between both halves of the spinal cord
104
What makes up the peripheral nervous system
The 31 pairs of spinal nerves
105
What does the somatic division of the peripheral nervous system control?
Control external actions of the skin
106
Which type of neurones carries electrical signals from the CNS to the peripeheral effectors?
Efferent/ Motor neurones
107
Which secondary swelling gives rise to the cerebral hemisphere?
The telencephalon
108
What are the fibres emerging from the spinal cord called?
Rootlets
109
How many rootlets do we have?
2: The dorsal rootlet and ventral rootlet
110
What do the the dorsal and ventral rootlet converge to form?
The dorsal and ventral root
111
What is the dorsal root accompanied by?
The dorsal ganglion
112
What does a ganglion contain?
Cell bodies
113
When the dorsal and ventral root converge what do they form?
The segmental spinal nerve
114
Describe the pathway of a somatic sensory neurone
They are afferent fibres 1. They enter the spinal nerve 2. Go through the dorsal root 3. Synapse at the ganglion 4. Connect to other neurones at the ganglion 5. Enter the dorsal horn
115
Describe the pathway of a somatic motor neurone
They are efferent fibres 1. Start at the cns specifically from the ventral grey matter 2. Goes through the ventral horn 3. Passes the ventral root 4. Goes to whichever muscle we want to control
116
Where are inter neurones found?
In the CNS
117
What do inter neurones do?
Link the sensory and motor neurone
118
Describe the stages of a reflect arc
``` Stimulus Receptor Sensory neurone Inter neurone in the CNS Motor neurone Effector Response ```
119
Why is the reflex arc important?
Allows us to give a quick response
120
What forms the segmental spinal nerve?
The converging of the dorsal and ventral root
121
What is the Mesencephalon?
The midbrain
122
What is the inferior portion of the brainstem called?
The medulla oblongata
123
Which initial swelling does the Telencephalon arise from?
The Prosencephalon (forebrain)
124
What is the pre synaptic neurone?
The neurone before the synapse
125
What is the middle portion of the brainstem called?
The pons
126
Which secondary swelling gives rise to the midbrain?
Mesencephalon
127
What is the Rhombencephalon?
The hindbrain
128
Which neurone is only found in the CNS and what is its role there?
Interneurons | They link the afferent neurones with the efferent ones
129
What is the Diencephalon?
The inner brain
130
What Is the Prosencephalon?
The forebrain
131
Which secondary swelling gives rise to the pons and cerebellum?
Metencephalon
132
What do Cell bodies and Points of synapses make up in the mature brain?
Grey matter
133
Which type of neurones carries electrical signals from the receptors to the cns?
Afferent/ sensory neurones
134
Which initial swelling does the Metencephalon arise from?
Rhombencephalon (Hind brain)
135
Name the secondary vesicles in the neural tube that form the mature brain
1. Telencephalon 2. Diencephalon 3. Mesencephalon 4. Metencephalon 5. Myelencephalon
136
What is the neurone after the synapse called?
The post synaptic neurone
137
Which secondary swelling gives rise to the medulla oblongata?
Myelencephalon
138
What is the Telencephalon?
The outer brain
139
What is the longitudinal fissure?
A groove that separates the left and right hemisphere
140
What is the top portion of the brainstem called?
The midbrain
141
Which initial swelling does the Myelencephalonarise from?
Rhombencephalon (hind brain)
142
What allows for communication to occur between both halves of the spinal cord ?
the Ventral white commisure of the WHITE matter in the spinal cord
143
What does the spinal cord develop from?
the caudal end of the hollow tube in utero
144
What gives rise to our optic vessels?
The diencephalon
145
What is found on the outside of the spinal cord?
White matter
146
Where are the Cell bodies of sensory neurones found?
Dorsal horn of GREY matter in the spinal cord
147
Where are Nerve axons responsible for bringing motor and sensory fibres to the spinal cord found?
the ventral white column of the WHITE matter in the spinal cord
148
Which initial swelling does the Diencephalonarise from?
The Prosencephalon (forebrain)
149
Name the primary vesicles in the neural tube that form the mature brain
1. The forebrain (Prosencephalon) 2. The midbrain (Mesencephalon) 3. The hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
150
Which secondary swelling gives rise to the thalamus and hypothalamus ect?
The Diencephalon
151
What do Axons and Tracts make up in the adult brain?
White matter
152
Where are Nerve axons responsible for bringing motor fibres to the spinal cord found?
the lateral white column of the WHITE matter in the spinal
153
Where are the Cell bodies of our autonomic neurones found?
Lateral horn of GREY matter in the spinal cord
154
What is the superior sagittal fissure?
A groove that separates the left and right hemisphere
155
What is found behind the brainstem and below the cerebral hemisphere?
The cerebellum
156
What are gyri?
A ridge or fold between on the cerebral surface in the brain.
157
What are sulci?
Grooves in the brain
158
What is found on the inside of the spinal cord?
Grey matter
159
Where are Cell bodies of motor neurones
Ventral horn of GREY matter in the spinal cord
160
Where are Nerve axons responsible for bringing sensory fibres to the spinal cord found?
Dorsal white column of the WHITE matter in the spinal cord

APM- Neuro anatomy (7 decks)

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