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MSK Revision > 2 - Basic Concepts in MSK > Flashcards

2 - Basic Concepts in MSK Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major tissue components of the musculoskeletal system?

A
  • Bone - Muscle - Connective tissue
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2
Q

From which germ layer(s) does the musculoskeletal system arise from?

A

Mesoderm - Specifically paraxial mesoderm (flanks the neural tube)

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3
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A
  • Support - Protection - Metabolic (store of Ca2+ and phosphate) - Storage (fat in bone marrow) - Movement (joints) - Haematopoiesis (in adults)
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4
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Locomotion - Posture (don’t need to consciously activate them) - Metabolic (store glycogen) - Venous return - Heat production - Continence
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5
Q

What is the structure and function of a tendon?

A
  • High collagen (type I), low elastin = very little stretch - Regular dense connective tissue - Force transmission from muscle to bone
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6
Q

What is the structure and function of a ligament?

A
  • Regular dense connective tissue (same as tendons) but undulate and arranged in fascicles - Fascicles separated by loose CT and ground substance - Support bone to bone
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7
Q

Where is the superficial fascia and what is it’s function?

A
  • Subcutaneous layer of the skin (hypodermis) - Made of loose connective tissue - Soft medium for nerves and vessels to pass through - Protection - Insulation
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8
Q

Where is the deep fascia and what is it’s function?

A
  • Sheets of connective tissue surrounding muscles - Dense connective tissue - Compartmentalisation - Supports and protects muscles - Barrier to the spread of infection
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9
Q

What is the function of articular (hyaline) cartilage?

A

Decrease friction within joints

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10
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A
  • Shock absorption - Increase bony congruity (the way bones interact to maximise surface area)
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11
Q

What is the function of the synovial membrane?

A

Secretes synovial fluid for joint and tendon lubrication

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12
Q

What is the function of a bursa?

A

Synovial fluid-filled sacs to protect tendon and ligaments from friction as they run over bone

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13
Q

What cells and ECM components form bone?

A
  • Cells - osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts - ECM - collagen fibres (calcified dense CT) and ground substance, also contains lots of CaPO4 (gives rigidity)
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14
Q

What does CaPO4 do in bone?

A
  • Gives rigidity and compressive strength
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15
Q

What do the collagen fibres do in bone?

A
  • Give tensile strength
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16
Q

What is the function of an: - osteoblast? - osteoclast? - osteocyte?

A
  • Osteoblast - builds bone from calcium and phosphate - Osteoclast - releases acidic substances to breakdown bone releasing calcium and phosphate - Osteocyte - trapped osteoblasts, communicate through cytoplasmic processes
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17
Q

What is the functional unit of cortical bone?

A

The osteon

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18
Q

The canals running parallel to the length of the bone in the centre of the osteon are called ……

A

Haversian canals

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19
Q

The canals running perpendicular to the length of the bone, connecting osteons, are called ……

A

Volkmann’s canals

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20
Q

What are the 5 types of bone? Give an example for each.

A
  • Long - e.g. humerus - Short - e.g. trapezoid - Flat - e.g. sternum - Irregular - e.g. vertebrae - Sesamoid - e.g. patella
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21
Q

What are the primary functions of the 5 types of bone? - Long - Short - Flat - Irregular - Sesamoid

A
  • Long - good lever (movement) - Short - point of attachment and give large range of motion - Flat - protection - Irregular - varied functions (mostly protection and muscle attachments) - Sesamoid - protect the tendons as they cross other bones (other biomechanical reasons too)
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22
Q

A large site of attachment suggests a more ………… muscle (e.g. at the greater …………… of the femur)

A

Powerful Trochanter

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23
Q

Why do bones often have grooves for nerves and vessels to sit in?

A
  • Over evolutionary time, nerves and vessels have developed grooves in the bones along which they project - There is no free space within the body
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24
Q

An indentation in a bone for structures to pass through is called a ……

A

Notch

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25
Q

A hole in bone for structures to pass through is called a …..

A

Foramen

26
Q

Blood flow to a bone is supplied by its ……… ……… During development, there are also …….. ……….. supplying the epiphyses

A

Nutrient artery Epiphyseal arteries

27
Q

What happends to the epiphyseal arteries present in development in mature bone?

A
  • Epiphyseal arteries degrade, the epiphysis gets blood from the nutrient artery - Entry points of the former epiphyseal arteries become foramena in the bone surface
28
Q

What happens if a bone is deprived of its blood supply?

A
  • Ischaemia causes avascular necrosis - Especially important in fractures of the scaphoid and neck of the femur
29
Q

What cells function to remodel bone?

A

Net effects of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

30
Q

Give examples of joint with a high range of movement and a low range of movement?

A

High - Shoulder Low - teeth and jaw, skull

31
Q

Highly mobile joints are ……… stable

A

Less stable (highest risk of dislocation)

32
Q

What are the three classifications of joints? Which have the most and least range of movement?

A
  • Fibrous (least movement) - Cartilaginous - Synovial (most movement)
33
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A
  • Collagen fibres joining bones - Very limited mobility = high stability/strength - E.g. Sutures of the skull
34
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A
  • Cartilage acts as glue holding the bones together - Limited mobility - Ends of growing bones or along the midline of the body - E.g. epiphyseal plates (primary), pubic symphysis (secondary), intervertebral discs (secondary)
35
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A
  • Bones capped with smooth articular cartilage with a thin film of synovial fluid between
  • Highly mobile
  • E.g. shoulder, hip etc.
36
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joint?

A
  • Plane
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Saddle
  • Ball and socket
  • Condyloid
37
Q

Give an example of each type of synovial joint. - Plane - Hinge - Pivot - Saddle - Ball and socket - Condyloid

A
  • Plane - 2 flat surfaces (e.g. carpals, tarsals) - Hinge - single plane (e.g. elbow) - Pivot - pronation/supination (e.g. radius and ulna) - Saddle - movement in 2 planes (e.g. thumb and carpals) - Ball and socket - movement in many planes (e.g. hip) - Condyloid - elliptical, 2 planes but no rotation (e.g. radius/ulna to carpals)
38
Q

How do synovial joints develop?

A
  • Synovial joints will form between adjacent cartilage models, in an area called the joint interzone - Cells at the centre of this interzone region undergo apoptosis to form the joint cavity - Surrounding mesenchyme cells from the perichondrium will form the periosteum, the joint capsule and supporting ligaments
39
Q

What are the three classes of levers?

A
  • First class - effort and load are either side of the fulcrum
  • Second class - fulcrum and effort at either end of the lever with load in the middle (i.e. wheelbarrow)
  • Third class - fulcrum and load either side with effort in the middle
40
Q

Give a musculoskeletal example of each of the three types of lever.

A
  • First class - tilting the head

Second class - calf muscle raising the heel

Third class - biceps lifting the arm

41
Q

Define:

  • origin
  • insertion
A
  • Origin - stationary proximal anchor point
  • Insertion - mobile distal attachment point

Can be inverted if the insertion point is fixed

42
Q

Muscles can only ……..

A

Pull

43
Q

What two factors affect the action of a muscle on a joint?

A
  • Orientation of the fibres - Relation of those fibres to the joint
44
Q

Muscles pull but don’t always shorten, what types of contraction are possible?

A
  • Concentric contraction - pull and shorten - Eccentric contraction - pull and lengthen (usually controlling movement of another muscle) - Isometric contraction - pulls and stays the same length (e.g. carrying a load)
45
Q

Muscles are found in compartments. Compartments are separated by …….. ………. What is the significance of compartments?

A

Deep fascia - Contain functionally-related muscles with the same nerves and vessels (mostly)

46
Q

What are the types of muscle by fibre structure?

A
  • Parallel
  • Fusiform
  • Circular (sphincter)
  • Triangular
  • Pennate (unipennate, bipennate, multipennate)
47
Q

How are tendons anchored to the bone? How is loss of energy minimised between muscle and the bone?

A
  • They are anchored to bone by Sharpey’s fibres - There is a low ratio of elastin to collagen, hence minimal waste of energy transfer
48
Q

Why do tendons heal slowly?

A
  • Relatively poor blood supply - Low water content - limiting the diffusion of nutrients
49
Q

What is the function of the peri-articular ligaments surrounding synovial joints?

A
  • Peri-articular ligaments comprise thickenings of the capsule that surrounds synovial joints - They act as mechanical reinforcements for the joint.
50
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Sheet-like structures that are (similar to tendons) that join muscles together

51
Q

Not all aponeuroses still contact a muscle, where are these found?

A
  • Palmar aponeurosis - Plantar aponeurosis
52
Q

What is Hilton’s Law?

A

A nerve to a muscle will also supply the joint capsule a muscle crosses and the skin overlying the muscle insertion

53
Q

What genes control body segmentation?

A

Hox genes

54
Q

How do hox genes specify where a structure goes?

A
  • These genes are expressed in a segmental pattern in a cranio-caudal (top-to-bottom) axis - The order that the Hox genes are encoded on the chromosome is reflected in the order they are expressed in the body
55
Q

Hox genes determine ………… …………. but not the formation of the segments themselves.

A

Segmental identity

56
Q

Mutation of Hox genes is an example of a homeotic mutation. What is a homeotic mutation?

A
  • A mutation that causes tissues to alter their normal differentiation pattern, producing structures in unusual locations. - E.g. sixth lumbar vertebra in place of the first sacral vertebra
57
Q

What is polydactyly?

A
  • Formation of extra digits
  • Mutation of Hox genes governing digit (finger or toe) development
58
Q

Homeotic mutation in the cervical spine can result in generation of additional ribs. What problems can this cause? What is the name of this condition?

A
  • Additional cervical ribs present clinically by compressing the nearby major arteries and nerves
  • Thoracic outlet syndrome
59
Q

The upper and lower limbs are serially homologous, what does this mean?

A

The upper and lower limbs have extremely similar development leading to extremely similar anatomy. (E.g. hip = shoulder, femur = humerus, knee = elbow etc.)

60
Q

The upper and lower limbs are serially homologous, what does this mean?

A

The upper and lower limbs have extremely similar development leading to extremely similar anatomy. (E.g. hip = shoulder, femur = humerus, knee = elbow etc.)

61
Q

The upper and lower limbs are serially homologous. However, the radial nerve (dorsal) and femoral nerve (ventral) are on opposite sides of the limbs. Why is this?

A

Due to 90 degree rotation of both the upper (lateral rotation - out) and lower (medial rotation - in) limbs in different directions during development.

MSK Revision (6 decks)

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