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Immunology (Miller) > #2 Antibody Structure 01.08 > Flashcards

#2 Antibody Structure 01.08 Flashcards

1
Q

what is an Ab?

A

secreted version of Ig produced by a B cell

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2
Q

what is an Ig?

A

antigen binding molecule of a B cell

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3
Q

Ab and Ig (of the B cell receptor) are ___

A

identical

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4
Q

what is the difference between Ab and Ig?

A

they are the same, but…
Ab are the secreted form
Ig are the membrane bound form

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5
Q

Ab are produced in large quantities by

A

plasma cells

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6
Q

what are plasma cells?

A

fully differentiated B cells

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7
Q

each Ab produced by a B cell has the same/different specificity for antigen

A

EXACT same

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8
Q

B cells can become

A

memory cell

plasma cell

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9
Q

Ab are produced by

A

B cells

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10
Q

what stimulates the B cell to develop into plasma cell?

A

encounter with antigen

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11
Q

what is the sole purpose of plasma cells?

A

to secrete Ab

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12
Q

each Ab has __ light chain and __ heavy chain. each, respectively, are ___.

A

2 heavy
2 light
identical

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13
Q

B cells : ____ :: T cell : ____

A

heavy and light chains

beta and alpha chains

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14
Q

light chain is composed of how many constant and how many variable? heavy chain?

A

light: 1 constant, 1 variable
heavy: 1 variable, 3 constant

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15
Q

how many types of light and heavy chains are produced by a single B cell?

A

a single type for each

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16
Q

why is the constant region termed so?

A

rarely has mutations

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17
Q

the N-termini of the Ab is where?

A

antigen-binding regions are

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18
Q

the C-termini of the Ab is where?

A

the base of the Fc region

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19
Q

what connects the two parts of the heavy chain?

A

hinge region

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20
Q

what special trait characterizes the Fc region just below the double bond?

A

two heavy chains of Fc region are connected by 2 disulfide bonds

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21
Q

name 3 points in the Ab where diS bonds exist

A
  • heavy-to-heavy chains in Fc region
  • light-to-heavy in Fab region
  • intra-chain within heavy chain and light chain Ig domains
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22
Q

why is the variable region termed so?

A

that’s where variation occurs for antigen binding

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23
Q

what forms the Ig domains on an Ab?

A

alternating beta sheets

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24
Q

what is similar between the light chain v and c domains?

A

intra-chain diS bond

alternating beta sheets/beta barrel arrangement

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25
Q

does the loop in the light chain c domain have affect on antigen binding? what about the loop in the v domain? why?

A

c: no
v: yes! hyper-variable

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26
Q

where is the hyper-variable region (HVR) of Ab molecule? what structure thingy is this in?

A

light chain v region

the loops

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27
Q

what occurs between hyper-variable region (HVR)?

A

framework regions

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28
Q

does the hyper-variable region (HVR) have variability in aa sequence? what about the framework region?

A

yes! this is how you can bind diff antigens

no. can’t tolerate changes to structure, will lose function

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29
Q

what is an antigen?

A

any molecule that is bound by an antibody/BCR or TCR

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30
Q

T cells will bind only

A

linear peptides/epitopes

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31
Q

Ab binding is ___ and :: reversible/not reversible

A

covalent

reversible

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32
Q

the higher the binding strength/affinity of an Ab…

A

the longer the antigen will remain covalently bound

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33
Q

what 4 interactions mediate Ab binding?

A
  1. electrostatic forces
  2. hydrophobic interactions
  3. Van Der Waals
  4. H bonding
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34
Q

Ab can bind to

A 
native or denatured proteins (unless discontinuous epitope)
peptides
carbs
nucleic acids
sm molecules and chem
soluable or particulate antigens
35
Q

linear epitope v. discontinuous epitope

A

linear: aa string in a row
discon: formed by 2* or 3* structure of protein :: if protein denatured, can’t bind

36
Q

most antigens are ___ antigens

A

multivalent

37
Q

what is a multivalent antigen?

A

antigen has multiple epitopes/binding areas

38
Q

can an antigen have different epitopes/determinants on it ?

A

yes :: each bound by diff Ab

39
Q

what is a determinant?

A

portion of antigen that Ab binds, same as epitope

40
Q

what serves as a bridge between the innate and acquired immune systems?

A

secreted Ab

41
Q

what are the 2 roles of Ab in immune response?

A
  1. opsonization + sensitization

2. neutralization

42
Q

what is opsonization?

A

marking microbes for destruction by phagocytes

43
Q

what is ADCC?

A

NK cells Ab dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

44
Q

name the 5 isotypes of Ab

A 
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE
45
Q

which Ab have 3 constant regions + 1 hinge region?

A

“GDA” (GD Assholes):

IgG
IgD
IgA

46
Q

which Ab have 4 constant regions + 0 hinge regions?

A

“ME”:

IgM
IgE

47
Q

which Ab has subtypes? how many? why do they differ?

A
  • IgG
  • 4 subtypes
  • hinge region structure is different :: varying amounts of diS bonds
48
Q

which 2 Ab have subtypes?

A

IgG

IgA

49
Q

each Ab produced by a B cell has the ___ antigen ___

A

EXACT SAME

specificity

50
Q

can a B cell be signaled to produce a diff Ab isotype?

A

yes

this is called Isotype Switching

51
Q

what region is altered in isotype switching? what is not altered?

A
  • only the constant region

- specificity

52
Q

what Ab can be excreted as multimers?

A

IgA

IgM

53
Q

which Ab is ALWAYS secreted as a multimer? which has the option?

A

always: IgM, pentameric
optional: IgA, dimeric

54
Q

what joins a multimeric Ab together?

A

J chain

55
Q

what is the special catch about IgM’s multimeric v. monomeric forms?

A

monomeric: in membrane of cell, 2 binding domains
multimeric: when secreted, 10 binding domains (ALL IDENTICAL)

56
Q

which Ab has the highest molecular weight? why?

A

IgM

because it is secreted as a pentamer

57
Q

what Ab is associated with mucosa?

A

(dimeric) IgA

58
Q

what Ab has longest half life?

A

IgG

59
Q

what Ab is most important in B cell immune response?

A

IgG

60
Q

what Ab has the highest concentration in serum, i.e., is most abundant?

A

IgG

61
Q

what Ab has a serum level of 0 and is hardly ever secreted?

A

IgD

62
Q

what Ab has a deceptively low serum concentration? why?

A

IgE

because it is bound by mast cells

63
Q

what Abs are responsible for neutralization?

A

IgA

IgG

64
Q

what Ab are responsible for opsonization and sensitization (for NK cell ADCC)?

A

IgG

specifically, IgG1 + IgG3

65
Q

what is sensitization?

A

prepping for NK cells’ ADCC

66
Q

what Ab is responsible for the sensitization of mast cells?

A

IgE

this is it’s only job!

67
Q

what Ab is found in mucosal secretions? give example.

A

IgA

breast milk

68
Q

what Ab is the most efficient activator od the complement cascade?

A

IgM

69
Q

what Ab can diffuse into extravascular sites?

A

IgG

70
Q

what Ab can transport across the placenta? what does this mean?

A

IgG
specifically, IgG1> IgG3, IgG4
that it is found in newborns

71
Q

which Abs protect newborns? how?

A

IgG: placental barrier
IgA: breast milk

72
Q

what is the function of the Fc region?

A

to bind:

  • complement proteins
  • Fc receptors
73
Q

what is the function of the Fab region?

A

to bind antigens

74
Q

what part of the Ab contains the variable region?

A

Fab

75
Q

what enzyme cleaves the 2 Fab regions from the Fc region?

A

papain

76
Q

what Ab is the most efficient activator od the complement cascade?

A

IgM

77
Q

what Ab can diffuse into extravascular sites?

A

IgG

78
Q

what Ab can transport across the placenta? what does this mean?

A

IgG
specifically, IgG1> IgG3, IgG4
that it is found in newborns

79
Q

which Ab is found in newborns?

A

IgG

80
Q

what is the function of the Fc region?

A

to bind:

  • complement proteins
  • Fc receptors
81
Q

what is the function of the Fab region?

A

to bind antigens

82
Q

what part of the Ab contains the variable region?

A

Fab

83
Q

what enzyme cleaves the 2 Fab regions from the Fc region?

A

papain

Immunology (Miller) (4 decks)

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