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Immunology (Miller) > #1 Overview & Basics 01.07 > Flashcards

#1 Overview & Basics 01.07 Flashcards

1. diff bw basic features of innate and acquired responses 2. diff bw types of immune cells and lymph tissues 3. learn concept of acquired immunity 4. learn terminology

1
Q

types of innate immunity defence

A
  • structural and chemical barriers
  • cells from myeloid progenitor cells
  • presenting antigens
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2
Q

how does innate immune response work?

A

control infection until acquired immune responses have been developed

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3
Q

how do innate cells work?

A

help to initiate acquired immunity by processing and presenting antigen to lymphocytes

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4
Q

give examples of structural and chemical barriers

A

structural: skin
chemical: enzymes

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5
Q

what general features of pathogens do innate cells recognise?

A

PAMPS (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)

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6
Q

give examples of PAMPS

A
  • structures with repeating subunits
  • peptidoglycans
  • LPS (lipopolysaccharide)
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7
Q

what are PAMPS recognised by?

A

PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)

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8
Q

mechanism innate cells use to modulate their response

A

recognise signals from the acquired response

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9
Q

examples of innate cells

A

macrophages
dendritic cells
NK cells (natural killer cells)
neutrophils

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10
Q

examples of acquired immune response signals

A

lymphokines

antibodies

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11
Q

cells that modulate acquired immune response

A

lymphocytes

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12
Q

what do acquired immunity cells recognise?

A

antigen recognition

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13
Q

characteristics of antigens that immunity cells recognise

A

epitope

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14
Q

what is an epitope? what is another name for epitope?

A

sequences/groupings of amino acids

aka antigenic determinant

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15
Q

function of lymphokines

A
  • “help” other lymphocytes

- regulate activities of innate cells

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16
Q

what do lymphocytes produce when encountering specific epitope?

A

lymphokines/cytokines

protein factors

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17
Q

tissues of immune system

A

bone marrow

lymph tissue

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18
Q

why is bone marrow important?

A

site where all elements of blood are derived from one type of progenitor cells

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19
Q

the one type, the holy grail progenitor cell

A

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

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20
Q

progenitor cells that derive from the PHSC

A
  1. myeloid progenitor

2. common lymphoid progenitor

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21
Q

describe the progenitor cell family tree

A

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells –> myeloid progenitor + common lymphoid progenitor –> cells of the immune system

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22
Q

myeloid progenitor gives rise to what cells?

A

granulocytes/PMNs (polymorphonuclear cells)
macrophages
dendritic cells
mast cells

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23
Q

common lymphoid progenitor progenitor gives rise to what cells?

A

T cells
B cells aka lymphocytes
NK cells (natural killer cells)

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24
Q

4 types of granulocytes/PMNs

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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25
Q

cells that make up much of the non-adaptive/innate immune system

A

granulocytes/PMNs

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26
Q

neutrophil function

A

phagocytic cells that help activate bacterial mechanisms

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27
Q

eosinophil function

A

kill antibody-coated parasites

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28
Q

basiphil function

A

unknown, but probs similar to eosinophils

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29
Q

list all the cells of the innate immune system

A 
myeloid progenitor cells
 - granulocytes/PMNs
   = neutrophils
   = eosinophils
   = basophils
 - macrophages
 - dendritic cells 
 - mast cells 
NK cells (natural killer cells)
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30
Q

macrophage function

A
  • scavenger cells
  • have receptors for common infectious agents
  • take up antigen at sites of infection/inflammation
  • process antigen by cutting into peptides
  • present antigens (esp to naive T cells) in secondary lymphoid tissues
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31
Q

monocytes

A

the circulating, immature precursors of macrophages

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32
Q

dendritic cell function

A
  • potent simulators of T cells
  • take up antigen at sites of infection/inflammation
  • process antigen by cutting into peptides
  • present antigens (esp to naive T cells) in secondary lymphoid tissues
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33
Q

mast cell function

A
  • degranulate to release histamine and other agents released in Type I hypersensitivity reactions
  • bear IgE receptors
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34
Q

what cells have important roles in acquired immune response

A

all cells derived from myeloid progenitor cells EXCEPT FOR GRANULOCYTES/PMNs

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35
Q

what 2 cells help initiate the development of adaptive/acquired immune response?

A
  1. macrophages

2. dendritic cells

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36
Q

what cells give rise to the cells of the innate immune system?

A

myeloid progenitor cells

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37
Q

what cells give rise to the cells of the acquired immune system?

A

common lymphoid progenitor cells

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38
Q

these cells are the primary components of the adaptive/acquired immune system

A

lymphocytes

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39
Q

lymphocyte function

A

recognize foreign antigens

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40
Q

how to lymphocytes recognize foreign antigens?

A

express receptor molecules on surface

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41
Q

list the cells of the adaptive/acquired immune system

A

common lymphoid progenitor

  • T cells
  • B cells

(i.e., the lymphocytes)

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42
Q

why are NK cells different from other cells that derive from common lymphoid progenitor cells?

A

DO NOT express antigen-specific cell surface receptors :: they are unable to recognise specific antigens

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43
Q

where do all cells of the immune system originate?

A

bone marrow

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44
Q

cells of the immune system circulate in

A

circulatory system

lymphatic system

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45
Q

lymphocytes are generated from what cells?

A

common lymphoid progenitor cells

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46
Q

after being “born” in the bone marrow, where do lymphocytes go? what do they do here?

A

lymphoid organs

mature

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47
Q

define lymphoid organ

A

organized tissues where lymphocytes interact with non-lymph/antigen presenting cells

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48
Q

types of lymph organs

A

central/primary lymphoid organs

peripheral/secondary lymphoid organs

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49
Q

define central lymph organ

A

tissue where lymphocytes develop and mature

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50
Q

define peripheral lymph organ

A

tissue where adaptive immune responses are initiated; traps antigens, facilitates presentation of antigens to lymphocytes

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51
Q

what lymph cells both originate and mature in bone marrow?

A

B cells

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52
Q

where were B cells discovered?

A

in the Bursa of Fabricus (of birds)

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53
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

in thymus

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54
Q

two major functions of spleen

A

collect antigens from blood

dispose of dead RBC

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55
Q

most of the spleen is composed of

A

red pulp

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56
Q

where are RBC disposed of?

A

the red pulp of the spleen

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57
Q

what forms white pulp of the spleen?

A

lymphocytes

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58
Q

two parts of white pulp

A

periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)

B cell corona

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59
Q

periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) contains primarily

A

T cells

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60
Q

B lymphocytes are concentrated in

A

follicles of lymph nodes

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61
Q

what is occurring in germinal centers?

A

B cells are undergoing intense proliferation

note: this is a part of lymph node follicles

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62
Q

examples of gut-associated lymph tissues (GALT)

A

tonsils
adenoids
appendix
Payer’s patches

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63
Q

what do GALTs do?

A

catch antigen from epithelial surfaces of GI tract

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64
Q

most important, highly organized of the GALT tissues

A

Peyer’s patches

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65
Q

M cells

A

part of Peyer’s patches

collect antigens along intestinal mucosa

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66
Q

three types of cells on Peyer’s patches

A

M cells
B cells
T cells

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67
Q

lymphoid tissues that protect respiratory epithelium

A

bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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68
Q

name the peripheral lymphoid organs/tissues

A 
spleen
lymph nodes
GALTs
BALTs
MALTs
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69
Q

two factors of inflammatory response

A
  • uptake of antigen by phagocytes

- increase in lymph flow

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70
Q

where does lymph flow in an inflammatory response? why?

A
  • toward the draining lymphoid tissue

- facilitates antigen transport to secondary lymph organs

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71
Q

each antigen-specific receptor expressed on an individual lymphocyte is ___

A

identical

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72
Q

describe self tolerance

A

immune system removes MOST lymphocytes that have receptors that bind to “self” antigens :: preventing host tissues

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73
Q

describe clonal selection

A

lymphocyte is stimulated by its receptor binding to antigen –> activated –> proliferates to give many more cells with identical antigen-receptor sensitivity

74
Q

what is the central principle to adaptive immunity?

A

clonal selection

75
Q

describe somatic recombination

A

entirely random process where the immunoglobulin gene segments that code for lymphocyte receptors are recombined into a complete coding region

76
Q

describe B lymphocytes (B cells)

A

produce and secrete antigen-specific antibody molecules

77
Q

which lymphocyte type is associated with humoral/antibody-mediated immunity?

A

B-cells

78
Q

B-cell receptors (BCRs) have how many antigen binding sites?

A

two

79
Q

BCRs can bind to what types of particles?

A

proteins (native or denatured)
carbs
nucleic acids
small chemical compounds

80
Q

describe T lymphocytes (T cells)

A

lymphocytes that recognize peptide fragments of protein antigens presented of MHC molecules

81
Q

name 2 differences between B and T cells

A
  1. number of antigen-binding sites on receptor (B: 2, T: 1)

2. B cells secrete their receptors, T cells do not

82
Q

T-cell receptors (TCRs) have how many antigen binding sites?

A

one

83
Q

what is the first signal of B cell activation?

A

B cell cognate antigen

84
Q

what is the second signal of B cell activation?

A

T helper cell supplied cytokine signal

85
Q

what is the first signal of T cell activation?

A

T cell cognate peptide antigen

86
Q

what is the second signal of T cell activation?

A

co-stimulation signal from the antigen presenting cell

87
Q

describe the B cell activation process

A

B cell binds to antigen –> endocytoses antigen –> breaks into pieces –> presents to antigen-specific T helper cell –> T helper provides cytokine signal to B cell

88
Q

what does the T helper supplied cytokine signal do?

A

activates B cell

89
Q

what do T cells specifically recognize on antigens?

A

peptide fragments

90
Q

name the professional antigen presenting cells

A

dendritic cells
macrophages
B cells

91
Q

antigen processing results in what?

A

peptide fragments

92
Q

describe antigen presentation

A

professional antigen presenting cells present peptide fragments on their surface to T cells

93
Q

what is part of the “presented” complex?

A 
peptide fragment 
MHC class I or II molecule
94
Q

do MHC molecules bind loosely or tightly?

A

loose

95
Q

can a T cell receptor bind to presented peptide fragments that lack MHC buddy?

A

hell no

96
Q

what happens when B cells are activated?

A

proliferate
differentiate
produce large quantities of antigen-specific antibodies

97
Q

name different functions of antibodies

A

neutralization
opsonization
complement activation

98
Q

two things that antibodies play an important role in

A
  • activation of NK cells for antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
  • activity of mast cell
99
Q

describe antibody neutralization

A

neutralize some pathogen-derived toxins, some pathogens directly

100
Q

describe antibody opsonization

A

coats antigens or pathogens :: facilitating uptake of antigen by phagocytes or NK cells

101
Q

describe complement activation

A

when bound to specific antigen or pathogen, act as receptor for complement system

102
Q

two kinds of T cells

A
  • CD8+ T cells

- CD4+ T cells

103
Q

CD8 T cells recognize antigens presented on

A

MHC class I molecules

104
Q

CD4 T cells recognize antigens presented on

A

MCH class II molecules

105
Q

describe activation of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells

A
  • recognition of cognate peptide/MHC I or II complex

- stimulation by profesh antigen presenting cell

106
Q

when a CD8+ or CD4+ T cell is activated it becomes an

A

armed effector CD8+ or CD4+T cell

107
Q

purpose of armed effector CD8+ T cell

A

kill cells with cognate peptide/MHC I complex on surface

108
Q

what types of cells in the body express MHC class I molecules?

A

trick question!

all cells

109
Q

purpose of armed effector CD4+ T cell

A

secrete cytokines that modulate activity of other immune cells

110
Q

armed effector CD4+ T cells are also called

A

T helper cells

111
Q

armed effector CD8+ T cell are also called

A

cytotoxic T lymphoctes (CTLs)

killer T cells

112
Q

armed effector CD4+ T cells can differentiate into what two types of cells

A
  • T helper 1 CD4+ cells (TH1 CD4+)

- T helper 2 CD4+ cells (TH2 CD4+)

113
Q

primary purpose of T helper 1 CD4+ cells (TH1 CD4+)

A

supply cytokine signals to macrophages

114
Q

primary purpose of T helper 2 CD4+ cells (TH2 CD4+)

A

promote Ab-mediated immune response

115
Q

4 types of pathogens

A
  1. bacteria
  2. viruses
  3. fungi
  4. parasites (protozoa and worms)
116
Q

innate immunity is also called

A

non-adaptive immunity

117
Q

acquired immunity is also called

A

adaptive immunity

118
Q

4 characteristics of innate immunity

A
  1. rapid response (hours)
  2. fixed
  3. limited number of specificities
  4. constant during response
119
Q

4 characteristics of acquired immunity

A
  1. slow response (days to weeks)
  2. variable
  3. numerous highly selective specificities
  4. improve during response
120
Q

a hematopoetic stem cell can give rise to what 3 types of cells

A
  1. common lymphoid progenitor
  2. common myeloid progenitor
  3. common erythroid megakaryocyte progenitor
121
Q

common lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to what cells?

A

B cell

NK/T cell precursor –> T cell and NK cell

122
Q

common myeloid progenitor cells give rise to

A 
common granulocyte precursor --> neutrophil, esinophil, basophil (aka granulocytes)
unknown precursor (monocyte, mast cell)
123
Q

common erythroid megakaryocyte cells give rise to

A

megakaryocyte –> platelets

erythroblast –> erythrocyte

124
Q

what is the function of the precursor cell megakaryocyte? what is its size?

A
  • platelet/thrombocyte formation, wound repair

- 10-15x RBC

125
Q

what is the common name for thrombocyte?

A

platelet

126
Q

what is the function of the cell of the blood, an erythrocyte?

A

clearance of immune complexes from the circulation

oxygen transport

127
Q

innate cells do not express what on their surface? what do they express instead?

A
  • highly specific receptors

- pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors (PAMPS)

128
Q

cells of the acquired immune system produce [high/low] specificity receptors. what do they recognize on a pathogen?

A
  • highly specific

- specific structures

129
Q

name the cells of the innate immune system

A 
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
mast cell
NK cells
130
Q

what is the most numerous immune cell in the body? what is the least abundant immune cell?

A
  • neutrophils

- basophils

131
Q

function of neutrophils

A

phyagocytosis and killing of microorganisms

132
Q

describe a neutrophil: function, life span, amount in body, bacteria ID method

A
  • highly phagocytotic
  • engulf and kill microbes
  • short-lived
  • most numerous cell in the body
  • receptors that bind to common components of bacteria
133
Q

how do neutrophils identify and bind bacteria? give examples

A

receptors that bind common components of bacteria

Ex: mannose receptors, glycan receptors, LPS receptors)

134
Q

function of an eosinophil

A

killing of IgE antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents

135
Q

how how do eosinophils identify and bind bacteria?

A

have receptors that bind IgE antibody molecules

136
Q

what contents of eosinophils distinguish them?

A

granules that contain inflammatory mediators and toxic compounds

137
Q

function of a basophil

A

control immune response to parasites

138
Q

basophils function a lot like what cells?

A

eosinophils

139
Q

what cell type is poorly characterized?

A

basophils

140
Q

function of mast cell

A

expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules containing histamine and other active agents

141
Q

what is the primary role of mast cells?

A

expel parasite pathogens from body

142
Q

how do mast cells identify and bind pathogens?

A

high affinity IgE receptors on surface

143
Q

how do mast cells get their special receptors?

A

IgE receptors are highjacked IgE molecules from circulation

144
Q

what do the granules in mast cells contain?

A

histamine and other inflammatory mediators

145
Q

name the professional antigen presenting cells (APCs)

A

dendritic cells

macrophages

146
Q

do NK cells have antigen specific receptors?

A

no

147
Q

what cell plays a role in both innate and acquired immunity?

A

NK cells

148
Q

name the cells of the acquired immune system

A

B cells
T cells
plasma cells
NK cells

149
Q

what are the two lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells

150
Q

what is the role of B cells

A

to produce antigen specific proteins aka antibodies

151
Q

what is the role of T cells

A

to produce signals that direct the action of other cells or are specific effectors of cell-killing

152
Q

what are plasma cells

A

fully differentiated B cells

153
Q

what is the role of plasma cells

A

to work as antibody factories

154
Q

B cells can differentiate into what 2 types of cells

A

plasma cells

memory cells

155
Q

what are the central or primary lmphoid organs

A

thymus

bone marrow

156
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid tissues

A

spleen
lymph node
GALT

157
Q

what special cell does the GALT have? what does it do?

A 
M cell (microfold cells)
sample antigen from intestinal lumen
158
Q

4 components of the Clonal (Selection) Hypothesis

A
  1. each lymphocyte bears a single type of receptor with a unique specificity
  2. if the lymphocyte is capable of binding a foreign invader with high affinity it leads to lymphocyte activation
  3. the differentiated effector cells will have the identical specificity as those receptors as its’ parent
  4. those bearing receptors for self molecules are deleted :: absent from repertoire
159
Q

what is the importance of Somatic Recombination?

A

allows generation of many different types of Tcell receptor specificities and antibodies

160
Q

what do T cell receptor and B cell receptors have in common?

A

variable regions, constant regions, trans-membrane regions, antigen binding site

161
Q

what are the two “arms” of acquired immune response?

A
  1. extracellular infection –> Ab mediated immune response

2. intracellular infections –> T cell mediated

162
Q

what is best to clear an extracellular infection?

A

Ab mediated immune response

163
Q

what is best to clear an intracellular infection?

A

T cell mediated immune response

164
Q

what is an antigen/determinant? **

A

any ligand that binds to a B or T cell receptor

165
Q

most antigens are composed of ___ **

A

protein

166
Q

TCRs bind only to… **

A

short peptide/protein segments

167
Q

MHC I are found where?

A

on almost all host cells

168
Q

MHC II are found where?

A

APCs

169
Q

what do MHC molecules do?

A

bind to peptides and present them to T cells

170
Q

differences between MHC I and II

A

I only has 1 transmembrane domain, whist II has 2

171
Q

MHC I deal with what kinds of infections?

A

INTRAcellular

Ex: virus

172
Q

MHC II deal with what kinds of infections?

A

EXTRAcellular

Ex: bacteria

173
Q

what signals activate B cells?

A

T helper cells :: use MHC II

174
Q

what signals activate T cells?

A

naive T helper/CD4 –> MHC II

naive CTT/CD8 –> MHC I

175
Q

in macrophage mediated initiation of inflammation, secreted cytokines cause what results?

A

vasodilation
increased vascular permeability
:: fluid, protein, and inflamm cells leave blood enter tissue

176
Q

name the two types of antibody mediated clearance

A
  1. neutralization

2. opsonization

177
Q

word association: neutralization

A

IgA
IgG
bacterial toxins

178
Q

word association: opsonization

A

extracellular bacteria
complement
C3b
CR1

179
Q

name two types of opsonization

A

Ab meditated opsonization

complement assisted opsonization

180
Q

how do CTT/CD8 kill and fight infection?

A

recognize with MHC I

181
Q

what cell activated infected macrophages to kill internalized material? with what signals?

A

Th1

CD40 and IFN-gamma

Immunology (Miller) (4 decks)

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