2: Advances on Memory and Depression

Question 1

What are two factors that matter in research on memory and mood?

Answer 1

Activation and access of valenced material.

Question 2

Why does Beck’s theory predict no differences between implicit and explicit recall?

Answer 2

Schemas effect how ALL information is encoded, interpreted, and recalled.

Question 3

What is the problem with Beck’s theory predicting that depression and anxiety effecting a number of cognitive biases in the same manner?

Answer 3

There is evidence that effect in cognitive biases in these disorders can be selective.

Question 4

Why might anxiety cause people to favour perceptual processing?

Answer 4

Anxious people are primed to process threatening stimuli in anticipation of danger.

Question 5

Why might depression cause people to favour conceptual processing?

Answer 5

Depressed people often carry out elaboration on internally generated material relating to failure, loss, and the self.

Question 6

Briefly describe integration.

Answer 6

An automatic, fast, priming stage involving mutual activation of components of a stimulus which are combined to create a representation, making the stimulus more accessible.

Question 7

Briefly describe elaboration.

Answer 7

The time consuming formation and activation of relationships between associated representations leading to retrieval and providing complete routes to the access of a representation.

Question 8

Briefly describe perceptual processing.

Answer 8

Fast, automatic, bottom-up, data-driven processing of physical features of stimuli.

Question 9

Briefly describe conceptual processing.

Answer 9

Top down, slow, controlled processing of the meaning of stimuli.

Question 10

Perceptual processing involves (integration/elaboration)

Answer 10

Integration.

Question 11

Conceptual processing involves (integration/elaboration).

Answer 11

Elaboration.

Question 12

Why does Williams et al. predict greater implicit memory bias in anxiety?

Answer 12

Implicit memory typically requires more perceptual processing characteristic of anxiety.

Question 13

Why does Williams et al. predict robust explicit memory bias in depression?

Answer 13

Explicit memory typically requires more conceptual processing characteristic of depression, so implicitly bias rarely shown when perceptual processing is required.

Question 14

What is a confound in a lot of implicit memory research?

Answer 14

Perceptual processing is often manipulated, but mood-congruent memory is a conceptual process.

Question 15

Briefly the theory of describe transfer appropriate processing.

Answer 15

Retrieval is maximised when the cognitive processes involved at encoding are also involved at recall.

Question 16

Give the 4 key findings of Gaddy and Ingram’s 2014 meta analysis.

Answer 16

Implicit bias was enhanced when cognitive processing demands matched, depth of processing had no effect, there was an interaction between mood date and valence of information recalled, and self-relevance was an important moderator for depressed people.

Question 17

What 2 personal differences were important in Gaddy and Ingram’s 2014 meta analysis?

Answer 17

Age and depression severity - younger and less depressed people showed larger effects.

Question 18

Define rumination.

Answer 18

Conceptual elaboration of unpleasant thoughts and memories.

Question 19

What do people typically ruminate about?

Answer 19

The causes and consequences of one’s negative mood.

Question 20

Briefly describe Joorman et al., 2007’s methodology.

Answer 20

Mood questionnaire, movie clip, movie and mood questionnaire, positive recall or distraction task, mood questionnaire.

Question 21

Describe the results of the distraction task used by Joorman et al., 2007.

Answer 21

It improved the mood of MDD, remission, and control groups.

Question 22

Describe the results of the positive memory recall task used by Joorman et al., 2007.

Answer 22

It improved the mood of the control group, had no effect on the remission group, and worsened the mood of the MDD group.

Question 23

Briefly designs Joorman et al., 2011’s methodology.

Answer 23

Shown valenced stimuli, fixation display, “forward” or “backward” cue, delay, word probe, press “1,” “2,” or “3,” sorting cost calculated.

Question 24

What were the two key findings of Joorman et al., 2011?

Answer 24

Depressed participants had a significantly higher sorting cost for negative compared to positive and neutral stimuli, and higher rumination scores predicted deficits in sorting scores for negative words.