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Semester 2- MoD > 2 Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

2 Acute Inflammation Flashcards

0
Q

What happens in inflammation?

A

Fluid exudate and neutrophils accumulate in the tissues

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1
Q

What is acute inflammation? Is it:

i. ) Innate or learnt
ii. ) Immediate or delayed
iii. ) Variable or constant between events
iv. ) Long or short in duration

A

The response of living tissue to injury in order to limit tissue damage.

i. ) Innate
ii. ) Immediate
iii. ) Constant between events
iv. ) Short

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2
Q

Name 2 causes of inflammation

A 
Infections
Hypersensitivity reactions
Physical agents
Chemicals
Tissue necrosis
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3
Q

What are the clinical signs of inflammation?

A 
Rubor (redness)
Tumor (swelling)
Calor (heat)
Dolor (pain)
Loss of function
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4
Q

What changes does inflammation cause in the tissues?

A

Changes in blood flow
Exudation of fluid into tissues
Infiltration of inflammatory cells

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5
Q

Explain how acute inflammation causes changes in blood flow

A

Transient vasoconstriction of arterioles
Vasodilation of capillaries
Increases permeability of blood vessels
Increased viscosity of blood

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6
Q

How does acute inflammation causes exudation of fluid into tissues?

A

Arterial dilation => increased hydrostatic pressure => increased flow OUT of vessel
Increased permeability of vessel walls => increased colloid osmotic pressure of interstitium => increased flow OUT of vessel

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7
Q

What is oedema?

A

Excess fluid in the interstitium

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8
Q

What is ‘exudate’?

A

Fluid with a high protein content

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9
Q

What is ‘transudate’?

A

Fluid with a low protein content

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10
Q

What is the primary cell type involved in inflammation?

A

Neutrophil leukocyte
Polymorphonuclear leucocyte
Polymorph
(3 names- same cell type)

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11
Q

How do neutrophils infiltrate blood vessels?

A

Neutrophils line up along the endothelium (margination)
Roll along the endothelium (rolling)
Stick more avidly (adhesion)
Move through the blood vessel wall (emigration)

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12
Q

How do neutrophils exit blood vessels

A

Relaxation of the inter-endothelial cell junctions

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13
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Movement along concentration gradients of chemoattractants

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14
Q

What mechanism do neutrophils follow to remove waste?

A

Phagocytosis

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15
Q

Name the two killing mechanisms used by neutrophils

A

O2 dependent- produces superoxides and H2O2

O2 independent- lysozyme and hydrolases

16
Q

Name 3 types of chemical mediators in acute inflammation

A

Proteases
Prostaglandins
Cytokines

17
Q

How does exudation of fluid combat cell injury?

A

Increases lymphatic drainage
Dilutes toxins
Delivers plasma proteins to the site of injury

18
Q

How does the infiltration of cells combat cell injury?

A

Removes pathogens

Removes necrotic debris

19
Q

How does vasodilation combat cellular injury?

A

increases delivery and increases the temperature

20
Q

How does pain and loss of function combat cellular injury?

A

Enforces rest

Reduces risk of further damage

21
Q

Name 4 local complications of acute inflammation

A

Blockage of tubes
Compression of tubes
Loss of fluid
Pain and loss of function

22
Q

In bacterial infections, what inflammatory cells will be present?

A

Neutrophils

23
Q

In viral infections, what inflammatory cells will be present?

A

Lymphocytes

24
Q

What is ‘shock’?

A

A clinical syndrome of circulatory failure. Blood pressure is lowered and heart rate increases.

25
Q

What are the 4 possible outcomes of acute inflammation?

A

Complete resolution
Continued acute inflammation with chronic inflammation= abscess
Chronic inflammation and fibrous repair
Death

26
Q

What is ‘resolution’?

A

The morphology of the area gradually reverses back to normal.
Exudate drains to the lymphatics, fibrin is degraded, neutrophils are phagocytosed

27
Q

What are the symptoms of bacterial meningitis?

A

Acute inflammation in the meninges, vascular thrombosis, reduced cerebral perfusion, pus in the brain.

28
Q

What are the symptoms of lobar pneumonia?

A

Fever, prostration, hypoxaemia, dry cough, breathlessness, inflammation of the lungs

29
Q

What can cause a skin blister? How does it present?

A

Causes: heat, sunlight, chemicals

Presents as painful, clear exudate, leave a scar

30
Q

What is an abscess?

A

Occurs in solid tissues when inflammatory exudate forces the tissue apart. Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the centre increasing the pressure. They can press on other structures and cause tissue damage

31
Q

What happens when exudate pours into serous cavities?

A

Pleural or pericardial effusion resulting in respiratory or cardiac impairment

32
Q

Name a disorder of the acute inflammation system

A

Hereditary angio-oedema

Semester 2- MoD (9 decks)

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