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2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does good mental health look like?

A
  • high levels of social and emotional health and wellbeing
  • high levels of functioning
  • resilience
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2
Q

What is a mental health problem?

A
  • short term
  • mild impact on function
  • typically goes away once stressor is removed
  • everyone experiences mental health problems
  • e.g. upcoming SAC’s
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3
Q

What is a mental health disorder?

A
  • dysfunction
  • atypical thoughts, feelings and behaviours
  • cannot cope with stressors
  • long lasting
  • moderate to severe impact on functioning
  • diagnosable condition
  • 3 D’s (deviant, dysfunctional, distressful)
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4
Q

Why is mental health on a continuum?

A
  • fluctuations in mood and everyday life/not a static state
  • not something you do or don’t have, everyone has mental health, just the status of this can be different; MHP, MH, MHD
  • it is dynamic; constant change
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5
Q

What are internal factors compared to external factors?

A
  • internal originate from within a person (bio and psych factors)
  • external originate from outside the body (social factors)
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6
Q

What is a phobia?

A
  • an intense, persistent and irrational fear of a particular object
  • source is known, maladaptive, always distress
  • not everyone experiences a phobia
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7
Q

What is anxiety?

A
  • feelings of fear or apprehension towards events that may happen in the future
  • sources is known, can be adaptive, eustress or distress
  • everyone can experience anxiety
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8
Q

What is stress?

A
  • any stimuli or stressor that causes a bio/psych response to internal or external stressors that are perceives to challenge a persons ability to cope
  • subjective
  • everyone experiences
  • eustress or distress
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9
Q

Factors contributing to phobia and treatment/protective factors: what are predisposing factors?

A
  • predetermined

- increases the likelihood of developing a phobia

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10
Q

Factors contributing to phobia and treatment/protective factors: predisposing factors - biological, GABA dysfunction

A
  • GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter that decreases physiological arousal by maintaining optimal/low levels of firing on the post synaptic neuron
  • when there is a dysfunction, this means there are low levels of GABA
  • therefore increasing the firing of the post synaptic neuron which in turn increases the physiological response to a stimulus
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11
Q

Factors contributing to phobia and treatment/protective factors: what are precipitating factors?

A
  • current contributing factors

- initiates or contributes to the initiation of a phobia (or MHD)

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12
Q

Factors contributing to phobia and treatment/protective factors: precipitating factors - biological, role of the stress response

A
  • fight-flight-freeze response
  • when presented with a stressor the FFF response, activated by the sympathetic nervous system, is activated and stress hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline are released into the bloodstream
  • this increases the physiological arousal to allow the body to confront/deal with the stressor
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13
Q

Factors contributing to phobia and treatment/protective factors: precipitating factors - physiological, classical conditioning

A
  • precipitates/contributes to the development of a phobia
  • need to include the NS, CS, UCS, UCR and repeated pairings
  • phobia can be developed to a NS as we may be conditioned to associate it with fear
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14
Q

Factors contributing to phobia and treatment/protective factors: precipitating factors - social, specific environmental triggers

A
  • acquisition of the phobia is due to environmental experiences to a phobic stimulus in lifetime
  • transmission of threat info: see info about stimulus on tv, through media etc
  • parental modelling: observational learning - behaviour learnt through observation of other people
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15
Q

Factors contributing to phobia and treatment/protective factors: what are perpetuating factors?

A

-prolongs/maintains the phobia (or MHD) or prevents recovery

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16
Q

Factors contributing to phobia and treatment/protective factors: perpetuating factors - biological, long term potentiation

A
  • LTP is the long lasting strengthening of a neural pathway through repeated stimulation of said neural pathway
  • this strengthens the association between the CS/phobic stimulus and the CR/fear response
  • LTP also works in conjunction with the FFF whereby, the amygdala is activated and strengthens the significance, and in turn, consolidation of the event
17
Q

Factors contributing to phobia and treatment/protective factors: perpetuating factors - psychological, operant conditioning

A
  • reinforcement of a behaviour
18
Q

Factors contributing to phobia and treatment/protective factors: perpetuating factors - psychological, cognitive bias

A
  • distorted thought patterns
  • memory bias: refers to focusing on negative aspects of previous experiences (selective memory
  • catastrophic thinking: thinking of the worst possible outcome
19
Q

Factors contributing to phobia and treatment/protective factors: perpetuating factors - social, stigma related to receiving treatment

A
  • stigma refers to the judgement from society
  • particularly in regard to seeking support for mental health concerns
  • due to this, sufferers are often reluctant to seek help due to fear of being judged by others
  • which in turn maintains and prolongs their phobia, and in some cases worsens the phobia
20
Q

Factors contributing to phobia and treatment/protective factors: what are protective factors?

A
  • assists in treating and possibly removing the phobia (or MHD)
21
Q

Factors contributing to phobia and treatment/protective factors: protective factors - biological, GABA agonists

A
  • GABA agonists such as benzodiazepines mimic the action of GABA in the CNS
  • this inhibits the over-activation of the physiological response in the presence of the phobic stimulus
  • it does this by inhibiting post synaptic neurons from over-firing and therefore reducing the physiological anxiety responses
22
Q

Factors contributing to phobia and treatment/protective factors: protective factors - biological, breathing retraining

A
  • when experiencing the FFF response in response to a phobic stimulus, hyperventilation can occur due to CO2 and O levels becoming disrupted
  • breathing retraining assists in reducing this physiological response to the phobic stimulus by regulating breathing and alleviating their anxiety symptoms
  • e.g. box breathing can be used while in the presence of a phobic stimulus (inhale in for 4sec through the nose, hold for 4sec, exhale through the mouth for 4sec)
23
Q

Factors contributing to phobia and treatment/protective factors: protective factors - biological, physical exercise

A
  • when experiencing the FFF response to a phobic stimulus, stress hormones (adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol) are released into the blood stream
  • exercise can be used to “burn off/work off” these hormones as well released endorphins, which in turn alleviate the stress response and allow for a clearer mindset to then find an approach to cope with phobia
24
Q

Factors contributing to phobia and treatment/protective factors: protective factors - psychological CBT strategies (cognitive behavioural therapy)

A
  • CBT works on the key assumption that thoughts, feelings and behaviours are all interrelated and impact on one another
  • by focussing on the thought processes (and changing/challenging negative thoughts into positive ones), identifying their triggers, and identifying maladaptive behaviours (and turning these into adaptive behaviours), a person can change their feelings in response to a phobic stimulus to overcome this
25
Q

Factors contributing to phobia and treatment/protective factors: protective factors - psychological, systematic desensitisation

A
  • patient will work with a psychologist specialist to develop a fear hierarchy
  • the person identifies their phobic stimuli from their least fearful to most fearful
  • they then systematically work their way up the fear hierarchy being exposed to the fear stimuli while pairing this with a breathing retraining technique to assist with their physiological response
  • this continues until they have reduced their fear to an adaptive level/extinguished their fear response
26
Q

Factors contributing to phobia and treatment/protective factors: protective factors - social, psychoeducation for families/supporters

A
  • psychoeducation involves educating families/supporters of a sufferer in order to develop a better understanding of the phobic disorder
  • families/supporters then assist in challenging unrealistic thoughts of the sufferer as the occur as well as discouraging avoidance behaviours
  • can also help them when experiencing stress response
27
Q

Definition of resilience

A

resilience i the ability to “bounce back” and deal with adversity (stressors etc) to return to a normal functioning state

28
Q

What are biological factors?

A
  • factors that increase resilience by supporting healthy physiological functioning whereby the brain can process information more clearly and come up with solutions to deal with stressor
  • e.g. adequate diet and sleep
29
Q

What are psychological factors?

A
  • factors that support a person’s mental health and functioning by coming up with strategies
  • cognitive behavioural strategies
30
Q

What are social factors?

A
  • support form others (such as family and community) that increases functioning
  • formal and informal support
  • appraisal support: talking strategies with friends and family or a counsellor
  • tangible support: physical support
  • information support: info services like websites or doctors
  • emotional support: assisting with emotions and care
31
Q

Ethical considerations: informed consent

A
  • ensuring participants have an understanding of the procedures involved in the research including potential harms or risks and they agree to participate
  • if under 18 or not mentally sound, a legal guardian must consent
32
Q

Ethical considerations: placebos

A
  • a procedure or substance with no active treatment

- important in research to test the effectiveness of a new dug or treatment due to using a control group

33
Q

Ethical considerations: breaches

A
  • deception can be a issue: already vulnerable and may exacerbate their distress
  • participants rights/do no harm: stops them using their usual medication so MHD could get worse
34
Q

Ethical considerations: placebo effects

A
  • changes to an individuals mental or physical states as a result of false belief in the effects of a placebo substance or treatment

Psychology (3 decks)

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