2

Question 1

americas exchanged goods but

Answer 1

• on a much smaller scale than in afro-eurasia
• far fewer ppl in americas
• narrow, jungle-covered terrain of Isthmus of Panama made trade difficult
• tobacco, corn, pottery, jewelry, clothing from animal skins
• most activity: maya, teotihuacan, moche

Question 2

post-classical era

Answer 2

• 600 - 1450
• intro and spread of islam
• resurrection of western europe
• rise of tang and song
• number of ppl and amt of goods, ideas, tech, diseases tht crossed afro-eurasia increased a lot

Question 3

impt afro-eurasian trading cities and seaports (in that order)

Answer 3

• europe: constantinople, venice
• E asia: chang’an, hangzhou
• C asia: samarkand (city)
• E africa: zanzibar (port)
• SW asia: baghdad (city); Tyre (port)
• S asia: calicut (port)
• SEA: malacca (port)

Question 4

post-classsical trade items

Answer 4

new items OUT china: gunpowder, paper-making, compass, astrolabe (used to det latitude), compass, printing, cannons

• INTO china:
• fron india: how to groww and process cotton, sugar
• from vietnam: new types of rice

thru exch triggered by merchants,
- OUT india: mat concepts – neg numbers, zero –> W europe (1st into muslim-controlled spain)

Question 5

gov decision regarding trade in indian ocean

Answer 5

• great decision: the decision NOT to interfere
• chinese emperors let inndian ocean merchants manage own affairs – IO system was self-governing
• during MING dynasty, emperor sent huge expeditions to IO region but didnt’ attempt to take over

Question 6

grand canal

Answer 6

• facilitated trade
• begun during SUI dynasty; continued thru tang, song; completed during mongol (yuan) era
• links china’s maj rivers in north-south fashion; allows goods to move more easily from interior to capital
• still among china’s most impt transportation methods today

Question 7

money

Answer 7

• coins minted as early as achaemenid empire
• TANG gov took over paper money enterprise as a way of standardizing monetary system
• in europe, paper money didnt catch on until 1600s

Question 8

vikings

Answer 8

• Northern europe
• adapted to harsh sea env by developing ships tough snail to sail to and raid other parts of europe, often concentrating on trade ports
• aka norsemen, northmen, normans
• in england and france, influenced lang dev
• assimilated over time into mainstream european culture by accepting christianity

Question 9

I syncretism

Answer 9

• I spread into South Asia: adopted hindu features, turned toward mysticism w/ Sufism
• taught tolerant for ‘ppl of the book’; when I reached S asia, it was determined tht hindus n buddhists were also ‘ppl of the bk’ even tho they arent mentioned in quran.
• this is b/c after considering overwhelming numbers of those ppl in S asia

Question 10

C syncretism

Answer 10

• incorp polytheistic beliefs by including prayers to patron saints who’d intervene w/ god on believer’s behalf (Christian saints took on
  the same responsibilities as the precolonial gods they
  replaced). As had been done before Christianity arrived,
  offerings were made and votive candles lit in prayer
  asking for divine intercession.
• when spread to americas, adapted local customs such as Day of the Dead from Aztec faith

Question 11

sogdians

Answer 11

• merchants from persia

- greatest contr: translation of relg texts, including I, C, B, zoroastrianism

Question 12

famous travelers

Answer 12

recorded tales of journeys thru AEA, provided insights into post-class civs

Question 13

marco polo

Answer 13

• christian, venetian
• about asia
• A Description of the World
• inspiration for columbus

Question 14

ibn battuta

Answer 14

• muslim from N africa
• early 1300s
• journeyed thruout dar-al islam

Question 15

post-class exchange of tech

Answer 15

• almost all went westward (china thru india weestward, into europe)

Question 16

rise of C

Answer 16

• w/ fall of roman, W europe collapsed into situation w/ no unifying armies, laws, edu systems
• christian church remained intact – in soc+pol vacuum left by rome fall, emerged to fulfill these duties
• W europeans flocked seeking comfort in faith; also hierarchy provided dearly needed soc+pol stability

Question 17

pope

Answer 17

spiritual leader + de facto political head of europe

• served by bishops w/ regional authrity; preists - local
• hierarchy expanded to include cardinals and archbishops (more layers btwn pope n bishops)

Question 18

post-class western europe leadership

Answer 18

• LOCAL
• landowners “lords” ran large farms, or MANORS, w/ poor landless ppl “serfs” working it
• knights, privately hired soldiers, protected lord’s land from attacks by rival lords, bandits, smtimes vikings
• over time, winners gained more n more land n power until a lord had enough to declare himself king of his country

Question 19

Change was on the way in western Europe as political power

began to shift back into secular hands

Answer 19

• ~700CE
• began when Charles Martel, a Christian leader of the
  Germanic Franks,defeated a Muslim army that had
  entered France from Spain in the Battle of Tours
• In 800 CE,Martel’s grandson, Charlemagne, united
  much of modern France, Germany, and northern Italy
  into a “New Roman first large secular
  government in western Europe since the fall Of Rome.
• This began a power struggle for political authority with
  Christian church leaders that lasted for centuries in
  western Europe.

Question 20

Charlemagne’s empire

Answer 20

fractured after his death, but this led
to the formation of new types of government in western
Europe—in particular, kingdoms in England and France.

Question 21

mecca

Answer 21

revered because it was the

birthplace of Muhammad.; pilgrimage destination

Question 22

zakat

Answer 22

1 of 5 pillars. pay a tax (zakat) to
help the poor.
- The zakat (tax) was much higher for nonbelievers. This
economic factor led many to convert to Islam

Question 23

Muslim empires arose in

Answer 23

Southwest Asia, North Africa, and

South Asia.

Question 24

muhammad claimed

Answer 24

Note that Muhammad did not claim to be a savior,
but he did preach that he was a prophet—the last and
greatest of Allah’s prophets.

Question 25

jihad

Answer 25

The concept Ofjihad, or struggle for the faith, inspired
Muslim armies to conquer the lands of nonbelievers in
Southwest Asia and across North Africa. Not all Muslims
shared this aggressiveview of jihad. Instead, they considered
jihad to be an inward struggle for faith.

Question 26

spread of I

Answer 26

Islam had an almost instant effect on the polytheistic
nomadic herders of the Arabian Peninsula, uniting them into
one faith, either by force or by choice.
- From there Islamic armies, missionaries, and merchants
rapidly spread the faith eastward and westward—so
rapidly that one hundred years after Muhammad’s
death, Muslims and Christians fought for control of
France at the Battle of Tours in 732
- By that date, Islam had replaced Christianity as the
dominant culture in North Africa and in *****Spain.

Question 27

umayyad caliphate

Answer 27

• originally ruled from Damascus,
  Syria, but after clashing with the rival Abbasid caliphate
  (see below) it established a dynasty in Cordoba, Spain.
• Muslim rule was supreme in Spain until its peak
  in the 1000s ,and remained an
  important presence there until the late 1400s
• While the rest of western Europe worked to
  recover from the collapse of the Roman Empire,
  Spain was wealthy and stable under the Umayyad
  caliphate.
• Arab technology and trade kept Spain out
  of the discord that the rest of western Europe
  experienced during the Middle Ages.

Question 28

abbasid caliphate

Answer 28

• centered in baghad (iraq)
• Baghdad was one of the world’s most
  cosmopolitan cities, with Arabs, Persians,
  Europeans,Turks, South Asians,Christians, Jews,
  Buddhists, and Muslims living there.
• The Abbasids participated in a great deal of
  cultural borrowing. They adapted cultural traits
  from neighbors and made them their own. For
  example, many Persiansserved in the government,
  and Persianart, language, and literature were
  prominent among the Abbasids
• turkish muslims held impt posts
• Over time, the Abbasids lost power to local rulers
  and faced peasant revolts throughout the empire,
  and were ultimately destroyed by Mongols in mid 1200s

Question 29

mamluks

Answer 29

The Abbasids also employed Turkish soldiers—

Mamluks—in their army.

Question 30

islamic golden age

Answer 30

Historians often refer to the Abbasid era as the Islamic
Golden Age, when scholars, poets, scientists, and artists
from inside and outside the caliphate were welcomed
into the region. Advances were made in astronomy, medicine,
and mathematics (including algebra),
- also Literature, like the above-mentioned 7007 Nights, also
included poetry and philosophy.

Question 31

delhi sultanates

Answer 31

• The political center Of Islam in South Asia was at Delhi.
• The Delhi sultanates were a series Of Muslim Turk
  dynasties who settled in the northern portion of South
  Asia.
• The Delhi sultanates fought invaders, especially the
  Mongols, and sometimes blended Islam with aspects of
  the Hindu culture found in the region. An example is the
  SIKH faith.
• The greatest political contribution of the Delhi sultanates
  was blocking Mongol incursion deeper into South Asia.

Question 32

islam conversion success

Answer 32

In contrast to Muslim successes converting the peoples
they encountered from North Africa to Central Asia,
Muslims in South Asia never accounted for more than
25 percent Ofthe population.

Question 33

causes of crusades

Answer 33

• Christians sought to
  re-establish their faith in Southwest Asia, which they felt
  had been pushed aside by Muslims through jihad.
• For example, the Byzantine Empire wanted
  to retake land it had lost to the Seljuk Turks and asked
  Christians in westem Europe for help.
• TRADE: Europeanswere concerned that luxury goods from
  Asia (spices and silk) would be cut off if the Byzantine
  capital, Constantinople, came under Muslim control.

Question 34

crusades results

Answer 34

• Europeansgained only small territories
  along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean. These
  so-called Crusader states became centers of Christianity
  and trade with “the East.”
• Jerusalem became a city
  jointly occupied by Muslims, Jews,and Christians.
• renaissance
• Economic results for the Europeans were also good.
  Spices, foods, silk, cotton, and many other products
  entered western Europe as never before.
  The demand for these goods led to an increase
  in the number of towns along trade routes to the
  “East” and an increase in wealth in the “West,”
  which led to more trade.
  Finding alternate and (hopefully) cheaper ways of
  trading these goods ultimately led to expeditions
  funded by European monarchs.
• Increased contacts between western Europeans and
  Asians via trade also led to the introduction of unfamiliar
  diseasesinto the West

Question 35

sui dynasty

Answer 35

• didnt last long but emperor’s policies did
  1. Public works projects like the Grand Canal and the Great
  Wall were revived.
  2. The Sui reinstituted the Confucian examination system for
  civil service and Buddhism increased in popularity during
  this period.
• imm followed by tang

Question 36

sui vs tang

Answer 36

• From the Sui to the Tang dynasties, construction on
  the Creat Wall and the Confucian system of civil service
  exams continued.
• Changes from the Sui to the Tang included the official
  government rejection of Buddhism and the restoration
  of Confucianism. In addition, government bureaucracy
  became more complex.
• The Tang government also raised taxes to pay for
  its operations. First, they conducted a census to
  count the people and to find out where people lived, then the government imposed small taxes
  on cloth and grain.

Question 37

tang census

Answer 37

n the mid-eighth century CE,the census
counted about 50 million people—easily the
HIGHEST population Ofany civilization in the
world at that time.

Question 38

tang art

Answer 38

Tang art, especially ceramics, were among the world’s
most beautiful.
Glazed porcelain horses and other figures were
delicate, colorful, and in great demand along the
Silk Roads.

Question 39

transition from tang to song

Answer 39

Transition from one dynasty to
the next was fairly stable becauseOfthe people’s faith in the
mandate of heaven, a belief that heaven would support an
emperor as long as he ruled well. If calamity struck and a
dynasty fell, the Chinese trusted that a new and better dynasty
was on the way.

Question 40

tang vs song

Answer 40

1. Continuities from the Tang to the Song Dynasty included
   exports of manufactured goods via the Silk Roadsand by
   sea, continued development of urban centers, and the
   Confucian examination system.
2. Changes from Tang to Song included the development Of
   Neo-confucianism and the practice Of foot-binding among
   women
   - One result of the restoration of Confucian morals and its
   male-first views was the reduction in the status of women
   during the Song Dynasty.
   - Foot binding also made it very difficult for women to
   walk. Women were expected to remain at home and
   be little more than the property of their fathers or
   husbands.

Question 41

neo-confucianism

Answer 41

• Neo-Confucianism adapted the traditional, orderly,
  patriarchal rules of its originator, with influences from
  Buddhism and Daoism.
• philosophy changed into a popular
  salvationist faith beginning in the SONG Dynasty and
  was called Neo-C0nfucianism. It became a religion
  promising eternal reward.

Question 42

sinification in kr

Answer 42

1. The Tang Dynasty conquered Korea—at least, for a while—
   but found maintaining rule to be difficult, so they removed
   their military forces from Korea. In return, the Korean Silla
   dynasty made regular payments of money and goods—
   tribute—to China.
2. Impressed by the political and economic success of Tang
   China, Korean leaders did some cultural borrowing from
   China.
   - Korean scholars traveled to China to consult with
   Confucian scholars and returned with the latest Chinese
   books, technology, and ideas.
   - Chinese culture in the form of writing, religion
   (Buddhism), fashion, and architecture made their way
   into Korea.
   - The elite classes of Koreans adopted Confucianism.

Question 43

sinifcation in jp

Answer 43

• occurred largely voluntarily.
  1. Japan intentionally chose to incorporate important aspects
  of Chinese civilization. The Chinese never conquered Japan,
  but the success of China under the Tang Dynasty motivated
  Japanese emperors to adopt elements of Chinese civilization.
  i. Chinese writing, bureaucracy, and belief systems were
  purposely borrowed. In fact, Japan is one of history’s
  greatest cultural borrowers, a practice that continues
  today.
  2. Buddhism became so popular in Japan that aristocrats feared
  the power of Buddhists in the government.
  3. Confucianism was another popular belief system borrowed
  from China.

Question 44

heian era

Answer 44

4. During the Heian Era in Japan (794—1185 CE),courtly life was
   an “ultracivilized” aristocracy.
   i. The details of this life are captured in Lady Murasaki’s
   The Tale of Genji, considered to be the world’s first novel.

Question 45

shogun

Answer 45

5. Too much attention on the frivolous life at court led to a loss
   of power for the emperor and to the establishment of the
   Shogun, rule by a military strongman.
   i. The emperor remained, but with a greatly reduced role.
   ii. Japan became a feudal society, similar to western Europe
   at about the same time, with rich landowners overseeing
   poor farm workers and obtaining protections from a
   private army of knights, the Samurais.

Question 46

sinification in vietnam

Answer 46

1. During the Tang Dynasty, Chinese armies marched into
   Vietnam but saw only temporary success.
   i. The Vietnamese revolted early and often.
   ii. Women in Vietnam did not accept the Confucian system
   of male dominance.

Question 47

One benefit the Tang derived from their interaction with

Vietnam was

Answer 47

a quicker-ripening form of rice. Once they
had adopted this from Vietnam, this type of rice became
an important part of the Chinese diet, and its population
became—and remains—the most numerous in the world

Question 48

The Mongols were, and remain,

Answer 48

pastoralists—nomadic
peoples from Mongolia who herd sheep; yaks; goats; cattle;
and, more importantly, horses.

Question 49

mongols and china

Answer 49

early 1200s: led by genghis khan, the Mongols swept south into China,
eventually reaching—and ending—the Song Dynasty.
- After merciless military campaigns that brought them
to power, the Mongols made Beijing their capital and
ended the Confucian examination system.
- The Mongols allowed foreigners, especially Arab
Muslims, to administer the government.
- Chinggis’s grandson, Kublai Khan, established the
Yuan Dynasty in China, which lasted until 1368, when
rebellions drove the Mongols to their homeland on the
steppes of Mongolia.

Question 50

pax mongolica

Answer 50

after brutal conquest,
- The Mongols favored trade, and when they took over
the regions along the Silk Roads, the routes were so free
of bandits that historians still speak of a Pax Mongolica.
- came at high price:
- Cities that opposed the Mongols disappeared from
the map.
- Baghdad’s leaders resisted Mongol attacks in 1258
and 200,000 people died. The Abbasid Empire
died with them.
- Central Asia lost as many as three-quarters of its
population to Mongol destruction.
- It is estimated that China’s population declined by
half during the Yuan Dynasty.

Question 51

khanates

Answer 51

Through these conquests, the Mongol Empire expanded
quickly—so quickly that one man could not oversee it all.
i. The Mongol Empire divided into regional khanates after
Chinggis died, and these khanates reached to eastern
Europe, Central Asia, and Southwest Asia.
- Over time, the people in all Mongol khanates rebelled and
Mongol rule came to an end.

Question 52

mongols and russians

Answer 52

• The Russians called the Mongols The Golden Horde.
• After their destructive invasion, the Mongols reached
  an agreement with local Russian leaders who collected
  tribute to send to their Mongol masters.
• This tribute arrangement lasted 200 years until Ivan the
  Great, prince of Moscow, led a successful and lasting
  revolt against the Mongols in 1480.

Question 53

The Mongols’ further advance was stopped

Answer 53

in modernday

Israel by Mamluk warriors from Egypt.

Question 54

legacy of mongols

Answer 54

• They controlled the largest empire the world has ever
  seen.
• They allowed freedom of religion in the areas they
  conquered.
• The Mughal Empire of South Asia took its name from
  the Mongols.
• Increased trade because of the Pax Mongolica resulted
  in the rapid spread of the Black Death all across the
  khanates and into western Europe.

Question 55

sudanic states

Answer 55

1. Southwest of the Sahara in the African grasslands called the
   Sahel, the Muslim kingdoms of Ghana, Songhay, and Mali
   exported salt, gold, and animal skins across the desert via
   camel caravans and connected into the Afro-Eurasia network
   of exchange.
2. These Sudanic states developed major trade and education
   centers like Timbuktu, D’jenne (Jenne), and Gao.
3. The borders of these civilizations were often difficult to
   define and sometimes overlapped.

Question 56

ethiopia

Answer 56

1. Before the arrival of Islam into Africa, Christianity was the
   major religion of Egypt, Nubia, and Ethiopia.
2. Over time, Christians became a minority compared to
   Muslims in Egypt and Nubia, but Ethiopia remains largely
   Christian in the twenty-first century.
3. In the thirteenth century, King Lalibela of Ethiopia had a
   series of Christian churches carved out of rock to symbolize
   his kingdom’s unshakable faith in that religion.
4. One of Ethiopia’s major exports was coffee, which was
   especially valued in the Muslim world during this era.

Question 57

chinampas

Answer 57

• In the Americas, the Aztecs developed a unique system
  of agriculture—the chinampas field system to feed the
  large population of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan, in the middle of Lake Texcoco, in central
  Mexico.
• The chinampas system called for large human-made,
  floating “islands” of crops to be constructed in the lake
  and the canals. Workers wove huge flat baskets and
  piled mud on top of them. They then planted crops,
  such as maize (American corn), in the soil. The plants
  were watered by their roots, which grew through the
  baskets into the water.

Question 58

In western Europe, several developments from exchanges
with __ increased
crop production –

Answer 58

• Muslims in North Africa and Southwest Asia
• The horse collar made it possible for a horse to pull
  a plow.
• Rotating varieties of crops in a field increased
  crop yield because the soil’s nutrients were less
  depleted.
• The horseshoe protected the horses’ hooves, so
  horses did not need to be replaced so often.
• All of these developments, the Chinese and Muslim
  Arabs had learned centuries before the Europeans.

Question 59

india export items

Answer 59

India also produced brass items, such as Buddhist religious

art. They also grew cotton and wove cotton cloth.

Question 60

persia export items

Answer 60

Persia manufactured ceramic goods for export as well,
but also exported hand-made Persian rugs; items made of
copper, glass, and brass; Islamic-themed art; and silk. They
learned how to process silk from the Chinese.

Question 61

When the classical empires fell (in 600ce), cities declined:

Answer 61

• When invaders swept through declining empires, they
  often targeted the riches of the cities and killed much of
  the population. Many citizens fled to the countryside,
  which was often overlooked by the invaders.
• Unfortunately for merchants and consumers, cities were
  linked by trade routes. When bandits made trade routes
  more dangerous, trade declined and hurt the cities’
  economies.
• Finally, diseases that devastated the falling empires
  were particularly destructive in cities because higher
  population densities meant a quicker transfer of disease.

Question 62

Cities revived over time in the Post-Classical Era:

Answer 62

i. Safer trade routes led to more jobs in the cities,
attracting still more people.
iii. New food-growing methods, such as crop rotation
(discussed above) meant more food was available to
feed people in the cities.
iv. The climate changed. There was a mini-lce Age in the
Post-Classical Era, but global temperatures began to rise
in the latter half of the era. This resulted in increased
food production—good for trade and commerce.
v. In western Europe, agricultural serfs started to gain their
freedom after the catastrophe of the Black Death. Many

Question 63

chang’an

Answer 63

The Tang capital, Chang’an, with 2 million people, had
a sectioned-off government zone, elaborate gardens,
suburbs where city workers lived, and a busy commercial
area.

Question 64

hangzhou

Answer 64

Hangzhou, with more than 1.5 million people, was
crossed by canals and bridges, had ten market centers
that sold goods throughout Afro-Eurasia, in theaters,
parks, restaurants, and museums. The Italian merchant/
explorer Marco Polo called Hangzhou the “best city in
the world.”

Question 65

tenochtitlan

Answer 65

2. In Mesoamerica, the Aztecs called their capital of
   Tenochtitlän the “foundation of heaven.”
   - This title marks a big contrast to the cities in China,
   where there was no religious significance tied to cities,
   but it is similar to the veneration given Christian cities
   like Rome, and Muslim cities like Mecca.
   The central area of the city of Tenochtitlån housed
   government buildings and religious structures. The great pyramid and two temples stood above all other
   buildings in Tenochtitlån. In addition, there were
   markets, gardens, and a zoo. As noted above, the most
   unusual thing about the Aztec capital was its position in
   the middle of a huge lake; still, it was able to maintain
   a population of about 150,000, larger than most
   European cities at the time.

Question 66

venice

Answer 66

• In Europe, one of the great cities was Venice, uniquely
  positioned on 11 7 islands in the northeast Italian peninsula.
• Venice was a major trade hub linking Europe to Africa, Asia, and especially the Byzantine Empire.
• Because of its strong economy, Venice became a
  powerful city-state in this era, with its own formidable
  military forces. City-states were still around by the mid 1500s, even though their heyday was way
  back in the Classical Era.
• Venice exported Christian-themed paintings and
  statuary.
• Venice had close political and economic ties to
  Constantinople, another formidable European city of the
  age.

Question 67

mita

Answer 67

In the Inca Empire in Andean South America, the mita
system was similar to the kinds of coerced labor the Chinese
and European landlords employed to build public works
projects. In the next era, Europeans who conquered the Inca
adapted the mita system to their own benefit.

Question 68

__ were the chief sources for

slaves.

Answer 68

Africa and eastern Europe were the chief sources for
slaves. In fact, the word slave comes from the Slavic
peoples of eastern Europe.

Question 69

The revival of empires meant an increased demand for slaves

Answer 69

to work in agriculture because stable governments led to
safer trade routes that, in turn, increased trade, including
trade of agricultural products.

Question 70

serfs vs slaves

Answer 70

• Serfs differed from slaves in that they were not sold by
  individuals. They were “tied to the land,” meaning that
  they generally stayed on the same land regardless of
  who the landowner was.
• Like slaves, serfs received no pay, but they also did not
  pay taxes.
• In Russia in eastern Europe, many free peasants actually
  volunteered to become serfs to avoid paying taxes like
  the free peasants.

Question 71

social mobility

Answer 71

Through most of history, one’s status in society was usually
determined at birth. In South Asia, the caste system
determined your place in society. The social class you were
born into was almost always the social class you died in.
In the Byzantine and Ottoman empires, one could climb
the social ladder through military service or increase one’s
chances of economic status by becoming a successful
merchant.

Question 72

patriarchy in post-class civs

Answer 72

2. In Tang and Song China, women’s status deteriorated, and
   across Dar-Al Islam, traditional Muslim views of women
   generally continued.
3. There were exceptions. Mongol and Vietnamese women
   refused to accept the Chinese cultural expectation of footbinding.
   Some Vietnamese women led revolts against
   Chinese occupation of their lands.
4. Another exception to patriarchy in China was Empress Wu of
   the Tang Dynasty. She was an emperor of China early in the
   Post-Classical Era.

Question 73

Advances in European ship design and navigation

Answer 73

• Benefits to Europe from trade with Asia by the end
  of the previous era included not only spices, but also
  technology. Some European kings were quick to use the
  newly acquired methods in shipbuilding and navigation
  to expand their new kingdoms.
• The compass, more accurate maps, the astrolabe (used
  to determine latitude), improved rudders and sails—all
  transferred from Asia—contributed to western Europe’s
  ability to make long-distance sailing expeditions.

Question 74

reconquista

Answer 74

Motivated by competition from the Muslim faith,
western European Christians—especially those of
Portugal and Spain, who had recently completed a
reconquista (“reconquering”) of the Iberian peninsula from Muslim control—sought to spread their gospel to
new areas. They targeted South and EastAsia, where
conversion had thus far been limited. Expeditions always
carried missionaries along.

Question 75

Changes in Christianity sparked additional motivation to

carry the Gospel.

Answer 75

• Incentive to expand the Roman Catholic faith
  came from Catholic nations such as Spain,
  Portugal, and France.
• The Protestant Reformation of the early 1500s split
  the Western Christian church, but it also caused
  a renewed missionary vigor among the Catholic
  monarchs in western Europe who now saw not
  only Muslims as competitors for the world’s souls,
  but also Protestants.
• It became a matter of great importance for
  Catholic monarchs to evangelize the world before
  Protestants could.

Question 76

Why Western Europe and Not Eastern Europe?

Answer 76

• Like the nations in western Europe, Russiaalso had
  access to the new shipping technology and sent ships
  north into the Arctic Ocean seeking a route to EastAsia.
  Icy conditions, however, made that passage impossible.
• At the same time, Russiawas expanding its LAND empire
  across Siberia and did not enter the Pacific until the
  1600s.
• European rivals closer to the Atlantic had geographic
  advantages when it came to exploring the Americas.
• Other nations in central and eastern Europe had limited
  access to the sea and/or were not yet organized well enough to send expensive expeditions around the
  world.

Question 77

Why were Portugal and Spain the first European nations to
venture south (Portugal) and west (Spain) into the Atlantic?

Answer 77

• First, geography. Both Portugal and Spain have coasts
  that jutted farther into the Atlantic than other European
  nations. Portugal’s proximity to Africa made southern
  exploration a logical target.
• Second, the newly united nation-state of Spain had
  just completed a centuries-long campaign to restore
  the Iberian Peninsula to Christian control. Thus, Spain’s
  leaders experienced a great deal of patriotic energy andwere willing to spend money to expand their economic,
  religious, and political influence beyond their borders.
• Italy’s position in the middle of the
  Mediterranean meant it was ideally situated to be at
  the center of exchanges between western Europe and
  the “East”—the ports of the eastern Mediterranean and
  their sought-after goods. Portugal and Spain wanted
  to bypass the Italian control of trade between East and
  West, so they searched for alternate routes to Asia, for
  instance, around Africa (Portugal) and west across the
  Atlantic (Spain).

Question 78

portugal exploration beginning

Answer 78

Portugal’s Prince Henry the Navigator sent ship after ship
down the western coast of Africa looking for a route to the
Indies so that his nation could benefit from direct trade with
South Asia.
- In 1488, Portuguese ships reached and rounded the
Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and for the next ten
years, Portuguese and Arab merchants interacted in the
Indian Ocean area.
- In 1498, Vasco da Gama succeeded in making it to India
and returned to Portugal with spices and other goods.
The Portuguese finally established their link to the East.

Question 79

whered columbus land

Answer 79

Eventually the place where
he did land—Cuba and the surrounding islands—were
labeled the “West Indies” and its people were called
“Indians”—that shows you how much Spain was aiming for
the prize of South Asia’s Spice Islands, the real Indies.

Question 80

columbian exchange: americas to afro-eurasia

Answer 80

Europeans returned with
few animals that had a global impact, but among plants,
they brought back potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, American
corn (maize), cocoa, and chili peppers as well as other
peppers.
i. The potato became popular in Europe—it stored well on
ships and grew in a wide variety of soils and climates.
ii. Maize became a staple in both Africa and China.
iii. These American foods created unprecedented
population growth wherever they were planted.

Question 81

columbian exch: from afro-eurasia to americas

Answer 81

Europeans brought
horses, pigs, chickens, cows, sugarcane, bananas, wheat,
and rice, to name just a few. Effects on the environment
were enormous.
i. The introduction of horses to the Americas changed the
cultures of almost every Native American group.
ii. Sugarcane plantations throughout the Caribbean helped
create rich European kingdoms, and resulted in the
importation of slaves from Africa.

Question 82

columbian exch: diseases

Answer 82

The greatest effect on the people of the Americas was the
introduction of diseases that had not existed before the
arrival of the Europeans.
Smallpox, in particular, eradicated whole villages of
native people, creating a demographic catastrophe that
has not been equaled in all of history. It is estimated
that approximately 90 percent of the population of the
Americas died from these newly introduced diseases.
ii. This depopulation created huge open spaces for
Europeans to conquer and settle with little resistance.

Question 83

Some
Europeans (from__) were also
resettled to the Americas against their will as colonists and/
or indentured servants.

Answer 83

the Spanish-held Canary Islands

Question 84

Europeans created large, highly profitable sugarcane
plantations in the Caribbean but, because of the virtual
elimination of natives, a great shortage of labor resulted–

Answer 84

• Portugal was first among European nations to enslave
  Africans along Africa’s Atlantic coast, and haul them to
  their sugarcane plantations in Brazil.
• Spain followed, buying Africans from merchants along
  the “Slave Coast” and transporting them in packed
  ships across the Atlantic (the Middle Passage) to the
  Caribbean to work producing sugar.

Question 85

Christian missionaries accompanied explorers and settlers to

the Americas–

Answer 85

i. In their zeal to spread the holy word, Catholic clergy in
both the Portuguese and Spanish territories held mass
baptisms with little religious instruction.
ii. This meant the traditions of the original faiths of the
natives continued with Christian beliefs woven in.

Question 86

Precious Metals of the Columbian Exchange

Answer 86

• Gold from central Mexico went straight into the Spanish
  monarch’s treasury, but it was silver from Peru that became
  the global metal of exchange.
• Silver from the Americas was traded for Asian spices, silk,
  and all the other commodities Europeans had come to
  desire.
• Japan was brought into this network because it, too, had
  silver mines. China and India were, of course, on the
  receiving end of most of the silver.
• • For the first time, a global network of exchange was
    established.

Question 87

colnial backwater

Answer 87

For most of this era, the English, French, and Dutch
colonies along the North Atlantic coast of North America
were an afterthought. One historian called them a
“colonial backwater.” That’s because they were not a
big deal compared to the wealth of metals and sugar
coming out of Latin America.

Question 88

The biggest economic contribution from the colonies

of upper North America—

Answer 88

was fish. Cod was enormously popular among people on both sides of the Atlantic. Its presence off the coast
of Massachusetts, near Cape Cod, made European
monarchs give colonization there a try.

Question 89

triangle trade

Answer 89

Triangle Trade is a term familiar to most AP World History
students. Sugar, rum (which comes from fermented
sugarcane), and cod were shipped to Europe and
exchanged for silver, which was shipped to Africa and
exchanged for slaves. Slaves were then sent to the Americas.

Question 90

DGN era continuities in religion

Answer 90

• Islam continued to spread as it had in the earlier era into
  sub-Saharan regions and into East and Southeast Asia,
  including parts of the Philippines.
• Buddhism continued to move across Southeast Asia and into
  parts of Central Asia.
• Hinduism continued to be the core religion of India.
• People yet to be contacted by Buddhists, Christians, or
  Muslims continued to practice their indigenous faiths.

Question 91

DGN era Continuities in Trade and Agriculture

Answer 91

1. In the Indian Ocean region, trade among the traditional
   participants from EastAfrica, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and
   East Asia continued.
2. European merchants learned they could only join in when
   they cooperated with local rulers of port cities in this region
   because they were unable to dominate this long-lasting
   trade culture.
3. The volume of Atlantic World trade eventually surpassed
   that of the Indian Ocean network by the middle of this era.
4. Most people around the world remained farmers in this era.
   Many were subsistence farmers—that is, they grew enough
   for their family with a little left over to sell.
5. Other farmers grew a single crop for a landowner who
   exported the food—the beginnings of commercial farming.
6. Changes in crops that were grown occurred because of the
   influx of new foods from the Americas—corn in China, for
   example.

Question 92

manchus

Answer 92

• The Manchus defeated the Ming leadership and
  established themselves as the new elite ruling class.
• The Manchus were from the northeast corner of East
  Asia, namely, Manchuria.
• Although they established a new dynasty—the Qing
  remained a minority ethnic group in
  the land they ruled.
• The Qing adopted the Chinese language, Confucian
  philosophy, and the Chinese bureaucracy, and
  continued the mandate of heaven.

Question 93

latin america social classes

Answer 93

i. The new ruling class in Latin America was the Creole
elites.
ii. Settlers in the Americas who were born in Spain or
Portugal were called the Peninsulares because they came
from the Iberian Peninsula. They were at the top of Latin
American society and government.
iii. Next on the societal pyramid were the Creoles—those
Europeans born in the Americas.
iv. Over time, as the number of Peninsulares faded and the
number of Creoles increased, the distinction between
the two faded as well.
v. Below the elites in Latin America were a wide variety
of mixed-race peoples, called mestizos. Essentially, the
more European “blood” a person had (or, conveniently,
the whiter the skin), the higher they were on the Latin
American social ladder. People with strong Amerindian
or African features tended to be lower on the social
ladder.

Question 94

protestant reformation

Answer 94

• 1500s.
  A Roman Catholic priest and scholar named Martin Luther
  began the Protestant Reformationchallenging the authority and lifestyle of some Catholic
  leaders, including the pope. He rejected many teachings of
  the Catholic tradition.
• “Protestant” because he and his followers protested
  what they saw as abuses of power and privilege
  practiced by some in Catholic leadership.
• “Reformation” because Luther believed his ideas
  would reform Christianity. For example, he rejected
  the Catholic teachings of the day such as the spiritual superiority of the clergy and the sale of “indulgences”
  to the faithful. Indulgences were documents proclaiming
  that sins were forgiven.
• Luther’s concept of the equality of all believers before
  God struck a chord with many in Europe, and his ideas
  became popular among political leaders. Henry VIII of
  England broke with the church in Rome and established
  the Anglican (English) Church because of Luther’s ideas.

Question 95

What Protestantism did not offer was

Answer 95

an official role in
the church for women, as Catholicism did. Women held
leadership positions within the Catholic Church serving
as nuns in convents and schools.

Question 96

The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant

Reformation with

Answer 96

a reformation of its own. Some of Luther’s
objections, such as the buying of indulgences, were
addressed.
i. The greatest global effect of the Catholic Reformation
was the formation of the Jesuits.
- The Jesuits were a group of priests with a strong
missionary zeal.
They called themselves the “Army of the Pope.”
- They were particularly effective in winning
conversions in Latin America and in reversing gains
made by Protestants in Poland.

Question 97

Jesuit missionaries in China had a different kind of success

Answer 97

not so much spiritual because relatively few Chinese
accepted Christianity, but rather academic and scientific.
- The Ming and Qing emperors appointed Jesuit
diplomats from Europe to head the Bureau of
Astronomy.
- Jesuits brought mathematical and scientific information
from Europe that impressed the Chinese—not an easy
thing to do.
- This marked a turning point in global leadership in
technology from East to West in this era.

Question 98

scientific rev

Answer 98

1. Since the Renaissance, European scientists had been
   accumulating and refining scientific and mathematical
   data garnered along trade routes through interaction with
   Muslim and Chinese scholars.
   i. The monarchs of European nations in 1400s - 1600s (such as Spain, Portugal,
   England, and France) sponsored men and women who
   conducted scientific research with the hope that new
   technology might give their country a competitive edge
   in world markets.
   > For example, after Columbus returned from the
   Americas, monarchs started funding experiments
   designed to determine longitude at sea.
   Determining which longitude a ship was on wasn’t
   figured out until the mid-eighteenth century when
   British clock maker John Harrison claimed his
   government’s prize for inventing an accurate sea
   chronometer that quickly determined longitude.
2. The Scientific Revolution’s long-term effects on Western
   society was to reduce people’s faith in divine explanations
   of life’s mysteries. The Christian church still had millions
   of followers, but Westerners began to look to and depend
   more on science for answers to society’s challenges. That
   tendency led to the Industrial Revolution.

Question 99

inc in peasant labor

Answer 99

1. As a result of increased requirements for goods to trade on
   the new global market, Russiaexpanded into Siberia and
   began to export valuable furs, especially to the newly rich
   European market.
   Peasants were involved in the trapping and processing
   of the furs and were also involved with farming large
   tracts of land owned by Russia’s elite class.
   ii. The potato, imported from Peru, became a staple of the
   Russian diet.
2. In India, hand-woven cotton products like muslin—a
   delicate cotton fabric—were produced by peasant men and
   women for export throughout Asia and Europe.
3. In China, large numbers of peasants produced silk, which
   involved cultivating silk worms, extracting the silk, and
   weaving it. As in the Classical Era, these products were
   popular throughout Eurasia.

Question 100

intensification of slavery

Answer 100

1. In Africa, the practice of slavery continued, and the
   exportation of slaves to the Americas by Europeans and
   north into the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean area by
   Muslim Arabs intensified because of the need for labor in
   the new global economy.
   Slaves sent to the Americas worked under harsh
   conditions on sugar plantations in the Caribbean region
   and in Brazil.
   ii. One indication of the harsh conditions on sugar
   plantations was that life expectancy was brief—three
   years on average, according to studies.
2. The massive loss of people out of Africa to slavery—mostly
   men—had a significant impact on African demography.
   Population declined and the once-patriarchal social structure
   was severely disrupted.

Question 101

inedntured servitude

Answer 101

1. In the Americas, Europeans hired indentured servants when
   slaves were not readily available.
   - In the English colonies of North America, an indentured
   servant from England was “hired” by a sponsor in the
   colonies to work with no pay for about seven years.
   - An indentured servant might learn a trade as a
   craftsperson or as a domestic servant, but the most
   common duty was working as an agricultural laborer.
   - Slavery existed in these colonies, but the vast majority of
   African slaves were sent to the Caribbean or Brazil.
   - At the end of servitude, an indentured servant (assuming
   he or she had survived) was free of obligations to his or
   her master.
   - Thousands of people migrated from England to its colonies in North America as indentured servants.

Question 102

end of mita and encomienda

Answer 102

Complaints of abuse by church and some government
officials in Latin America led the crown in Spain to end
these systems by the early 1700s

Question 103

qing inc power

Answer 103

1. The Qing government was concerned with Russia’s rising
   power to the west and a revival of the Mongols to the
   north.
   - In the late 1600s and early 1700s,
   the Qing military went on campaigns to add land in
   Central Asia to separate China from Russia.
   The Qing military also conducted campaigns in
   Mongolia to end the threat of any future invasions from
   the Mongols.
   - China was now one of the great land empires.
2. In general, the Qing did not force the peoples they
   conquered to adopt Chinese practices. Instead they allowed
   local rulers to keep ruling, as long as they obeyed Qing
   policies.
3. The Qing were also tolerant of local faiths and customs.

Question 104

the qing limited

Answer 104

the movements of pastoral herders,
significantly reducing the number of people who
continued that way of life.

Question 105

qing trade

Answer 105

The Qing also allowed the trade routes along the Silk
Roads to wither away, preferring ocean trade to camel
caravans over land.

Question 106

great land empires of asia

Answer 106

Russiawas the other great land empire of Asia. The Ottoman
Empire and the Mughal Empire were significant in their
respective regions, but neither could match the size and
strength of the huge land empires of Russiaand China in
this era.

Question 107

DiG dates

Answer 107

1450 - 1750

Question 108

The

British exported __ and __ from its Indian colonies.

Answer 108

The

British exported cotton and tea from its Indian colonies.