2) 50 Flashcards
The word ‘anatomy’ comes from …
Greek and means ‘to cut apart.’
The term comes from the Greek ‘ana-‘ (up, apart) and ‘tome’ (cut), referring to the practice of dissection.
Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one?
The muscles of the intestinal wall contract slowly and involuntarily.
This statement describes a function (how the muscles contract) rather than structure.
The key reason why O₂ is essential for human life:
If not available, cellular respiration cannot make adequate ATP.
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration; without it, ATP production drops significantly.
Organs contain two or more tissues that work together to perform specific, complex functions.
True
Organs are composed of multiple tissue types (e.g., muscle, connective, nervous) that together carry out complex functions.
With the subject in the anatomic position, one can best see the dorsum of the manus from a(n) ______ view.
Posterior
In anatomic position, the palm faces anteriorly, so the back (dorsum) of the hand is seen from the posterior view.
The bones of the vertebral column form a cavity called the ______.
Vertebral canal
The vertebral canal is the passageway formed by the vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.
The presence of receptors and effectors is essential to which characteristic of living organisms?
Responsiveness
Receptors detect changes in the environment and effectors carry out the responses, enabling the organism to react.
The central nervous system acts as the control center for the regulation of blood calcium and blood glucose.
False
While the CNS is critical for many regulatory functions, blood calcium and glucose are primarily regulated by the endocrine system (e.g., parathyroid glands and pancreas).
The term that refers to the ability of organisms to react to changes in the environment is ______.
Responsiveness
Responsiveness is the capacity to detect and respond to environmental stimuli.
An element’s atomic number is determined by the number of ______ in one atom of that element.
Protons
The atomic number equals the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Identify the correct pairing:
Cl⁻ is an anion.
Potassium (K⁺) and sodium (Na⁺) are cations (positively charged), while chloride (Cl⁻) is an anion (negatively charged).
Define an ion. Define cation and anion.
• Ion: An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net charge.
• Cation: A positively charged ion (formed by loss of electrons).
• Anion: A negatively charged ion (formed by gain of electrons).
In the formation of an ionic bond between Na and Cl to form common table salt, sodium (Na) ______ an electron and chlorine (Cl) ______ an electron.
Sodium loses an electron; chlorine gains an electron.
This electron transfer allows sodium and chlorine to achieve more stable electron configurations.
Any molecule with a polar bond makes the entire molecule a polar molecule.
False
The overall polarity depends on the molecule’s shape; even with polar bonds, a symmetric molecule can be nonpolar if the dipoles cancel.
In a water molecule, each oxygen will form up to _ hydrogen bonds.
Two
A water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds, though the actual number in a given situation depends on its environment.
Which of the following is NOT true about water:
• It is the most abundant inorganic chemical.
• It is a polar molecule.
• It heats and cools rapidly.
• It is important in hydrolysis reactions.
It heats and cools rapidly.
Water has a high specific heat, meaning it heats and cools slowly.
Very high body temperatures and/or inappropriate pH of body fluids may have what effect on enzymes?
Since enzymes are proteins, they may denature and lose their tertiary structures.
Denaturation disrupts the enzyme’s shape, impairing its function.
The addition of a buffer to liquid such as blood with a pH of 7.4 causes the pH to drop to 7.0 (chemically neutral).
False
Buffers work to resist changes in pH rather than drastically shifting it.
All chemical reactions involving energy exchanges that occur within the body are collectively known as:
Metabolism
Metabolism encompasses all the chemical reactions, both energy-releasing and energy-storing, that occur in the body.
Enzymes:
• May be denatured by changes in pH or temperature.
• Are lipid molecules.
• Act on substances called catalysts.
• All of these.
May be denatured by changes in pH or temperature.
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts; they are not lipids and do not act on “catalysts” but on substrates.
Cholesterol molecules are a type of ______ that are important for proper plasma membrane function.
Lipid
Cholesterol is a lipid that helps stabilize the plasma membrane at varying temperatures.
The sodium level inside and outside of a resting cell is an example of the ______ energy of a concentration gradient, because sodium is more abundant outside the cell.
Potential energy
The difference in sodium concentration creates potential energy that can be used for cellular work (e.g., via the sodium–potassium pump).
As a runner sprints down a track, her movement is an example of:
Mechanical energy
The kinetic energy of her motion is a form of mechanical energy.
Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and in the absence of oxygen only 2 ATP’s will be generated from this process.
True
Anaerobic glycolysis yields only 2 ATP molecules per glucose.
