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OPHTHAMOLOGY > 2 > Flashcards

2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diagnosis? What breed is likely to develop this?

A

Uveal cyst, black labradors.

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2
Q

What is the diagnosis?

A

Naevi

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3
Q

Describe the appearance of anterior uveal melanoma. How is it treated?

A

Heavily pigmented mass in iris/ciliary body. Iris may be thickened. Treatment = enucleation

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4
Q

What is the most common intraocular neoplasm?

A

Anterior uveal melanoma

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5
Q

Diagnosis? How is it treated?

A

Ciliary body adenoma. Enucleation

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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of anterior uveitis?

A
  • pain
  • red eye
  • visual disturbance
  • corneal oedema
  • breakdown of blood/aqueous barrier causing aqueous flare
  • reduced intraocular pressure
  • miosis
  • iris swelling
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7
Q

What is aqueous flare?

A

Breakdown of blood/aqueous barrier allows protein + inflam cells into aqueous. Causes light scattering in anterior chamber which is observed as diffuse scattering of light between the light on the cornea and iris.

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8
Q

What is uveodermatological syndrome?

A

Blinding uveitis in arctic breeds (refer!)

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9
Q

How would you treat anterior uveitis?

A

Aim: control intraocular inflam to prevent full-blown uveitis (potentially blinding)

  1. Treat underlying cause if poss
  2. Reduce intraoc inflam + restore blood-aq barrier with topical/systemic NSAIDS/corticosteroids. Intact cornea = topical corticosteroids, ulcerated cornea = topical NSAIDs. Severe inflam = systemic corticosteroids, if unsafe to use systemic steroids = systemic NSAIDs.
  3. Use mydriatics eg. atropine, to induce relative mydriasis to prevent posterior synechiae forming.
  4. Monitor intra oc pressure to prevent seondary glaucoma
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10
Q

Describe the cause/s of glaucoma

A

=outflow of aqueous compromised by obstruction or functional failure of drainage angle

PRIMARY = bilat, abnorm drainage angle, predisposed breeds

SECONDARY = due to lens luxation, uveitis, neoplasia, H+, retinal detachment, pigmentary glaucoma

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute and chronic glaucoma?

A

ACUTE: pain, visual loss, episcleral congestion, increased intraoc pressure. If >40mm HG: corneal oedema, mod dilated + poorly responsive pupil

CHRONIC: buphthalmos, corneal vascularisation + pigmentation, lens lux/sublux, tears in Descemets membrane, retinal degen + optic disc cupping, maybe pain

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12
Q

You identify what looks like a cataract in an older dog. However on opthalmoscopy it doesn’t appear as an opacity. Diagnosis?

A

Nuclear sclerosis. (Norm aging change)

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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of lens luxation?

A

Iridodenesis (wobble oscillation of iris with eye movements)

Flat iris

Strands of vitreous protruding from around pupil

Aphakic crescent (crescent shaped gap between lens equator + iris when pupil dilated)

Corneal opacity if anterior luxation that rubs corneal endothelium

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14
Q

What are the complications of posterior + anterior lens luxation?

A

Posterior- similar to sublux as drainage angle not blocked.

Anterior- acute glaucoma, corneal opacity, painful red eye

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15
Q

What are the treatment options for posterior/anterior luxation + subluxation of the lens?

A

POSTERIOR: wait until it moves forward then remove

ANTERIOR: refer for removal as emergency!

SUBLUX: lendectomy or prostaglandin analogues to keep it behind constricted pupil and reduce IOP

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16
Q

Describe the different types of lens cataracts

A

Incipient: small (<15% lens), no effect on vision, not progressive

Immature: more extensive, no fundic reflex

Mature: total opacity + no fundic reflex -> blindness

Hypermature: contracted, irregular lens w/ deep anterior chamber

Morgagnian: type of hypermature cataract w/ sig. resorption of lens

Intumescent: rapidly developing eg. in diabetes mellitus

17
Q

List the clin signs of orbital disease

A

Orbital swelling

Globe deviation

Eno/exophthalmos

Difficulty in digital retropulsion of globe

3rd eyelid protrusion

Pain on opening mouth

Conjunctival hyperaemia

Lagophthamos -> exposure keratitis

18
Q

What are 2 causes of orbital disease?

A

Retrobulbar abscess/cellulitis + retrobulbar neoplasia

19
Q

Draw a diagram of the fundus

A

Refer to notes

20
Q

Diagnosis?

A

Collie eye anomaly: choroid hypoplasia lat to optic disc- white region of sclera w/ abnormal choroidal vessels on top.

21
Q

Diagnosis?

A

Generalised progressive retinal atrophy: mottled non-tapetal fundus, tapetum hyperreflectivity, retinal vasc attenuation

22
Q

What are the clinical signs of inflammatory retinopathies?

A
  • grey/white opacities due to inflam cells
  • hyporeflectivity due to thickened region
  • H+
  • retinal detachment
  • hazy vitreous
  • can lead to atrophy of affected retina causing focal areas of tapetal hyperreflectivity
23
Q

Describe the charcteristic appearance of optic nerve hypoplasia

A

Small, dark/grey optic disc (due to lack of myelinated fibres) w/ otherwise normal fundus. Can impair vision

24
Q

What is an optic nerve coloboma?

A

Non-progressive focal loss of tissue in optic nerve, appears as pit/shallow depression.

25
Q

What does optic neuritis look like? How is it treated?

A

Enlarged optic disc w/ congestion. Large dose of immunosuppressive systemic steroids.

26
Q

What is papilloedema and what does it look like?

A

Pressure on optic nerve from within orbit eg. retrobulbar neoplasm. Causes oedamotous swelling of optic nerve.

27
Q

Pathology + clinical signs of collie eye anomaly.

A

PATHOLOGY = impaired mesodermal differentiation -> choroid defects

CLIN SIGNS = choroid hypoplasia lat to optic disc (white sclera w/ abnormal choroid vessels), 30% also have potic disc coloboma

28
Q

Describe the aetiology + signalment of generlaised progressive retinal atrophy.

A

=group of photoreceptor diseases

PHOTORECEPTOR DYSPLASIA: irish setters, dachsunds

PHOTORECEPTOR DEGENERATION: lab, cocker spaniel, golden retriever

29
Q

What are the clinical signs of Generalised progressive retinal atrophy?

A
  • night blindness leading to full blindness
  • retinal vascular attenuation
  • tapetal hyperreflectivity
  • ‘pavementing’- patchy losses of pigment in nontapetal fundus
30
Q

An older dog presents to you with sudden vision loss but a normal fundus on examination. What is top of your differentials?

A

Sudden acquired retinal degeneration

OPHTHAMOLOGY (3 decks)

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