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Human Sexuality III > 2/3 - Social Constructions/Variations and Sexual Coercion > Flashcards

2/3 - Social Constructions/Variations and Sexual Coercion Flashcards

1
Q

What elements of our sexuality are socially constructed? (7)

A
  • Gender
  • Sex
  • Values/morals
  • Expectations
  • Physical pleasure/desire
  • Power/control
  • Love?
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2
Q

Why should we explore the social construction of sexuality?

A
  • To begin to understand our sex, gender and sexuality as situated within a societal/cultural context
  • To enhance our conceptualization of sexual health beyond a limited disease based perspective
  • To embrace a holistic perspective of sexuality
  • To enhance sexual well being (eg. pleasurable and safe sexual experience)
  • To inform policies and programs aimed at enhancing sexual well being
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3
Q

How is sexuality socially constructed?

A
  • Social institutions creating rules that govern the who, what when, where and how of sexuality in a given society
  • The mechanisms of institutionalization include a social consensus on the realness and rightness of the construction and socialization process by which people acquire this definition of reality
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4
Q

How are societal norms and beliefs learned over the life course?

A

Through the socialization process, where we are active agents (not merely recipients) in constructing social norms, perspectives and expectations within society

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5
Q

What are the four perspectives on abnormal sexual behaviour?

A
  • Statistical
  • Sociological
  • Psychological
  • Medical
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6
Q

What does the DSM IV-TR define a paraphilia as?

A

Recurrent intense, sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviour, involving non-human objects, the suffering or humiliation of onesulf or one’s partner, children or other non consenting person.

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7
Q

What are 8 examples of paraphilias?

A
  • Fetishism
  • Transvestic fetishism
  • Sexual sadism
  • Sexual masochism
  • Voyeurism
  • Frotteurism
  • Exhibitionism
  • Pedophilia
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8
Q

When do sexual behaviours become abnormal on the normal-abnormal continuum?

A

When they become a necessity

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9
Q

When do sexual behaviours become a paraphilia on the normal-abnormal continuum?

A

When they become a substitute for a human partner (far right of the continuum)

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10
Q

What is compulsive sexual behaviour?

A

A disorder in which the person experiences intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges and associated sexual behaviour

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11
Q

What is Carne’s four step cycle of sexual addictions and compulsions?

A
  • Preoccupation
  • Rituals
  • Compulsive sexual behaviour
  • Despair
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12
Q

Is addiction or compulsion more likely?

A

Sexual compulsions are more likely than addictions

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13
Q

What is fetishism?

A

A person’s sexual fixation on some object other than another human being and attachment of great erotic significance to that object

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14
Q

How does learning theory explain fetishists?

A

Classical conditioning to an object as sexual

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15
Q

How does cognitive theory explain fetishists?

A

Perception of arousal is distorted

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16
Q

How does additication theory explain fetishists?

A

Carnes 4-step cycle

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17
Q

What is transvestism?

A

Dressing as member of the other gender for erotic purposes

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18
Q

What are female impersonators?

A

Men who dress as women, often as part of an entertainment job

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19
Q

What is a sadist?

A

A person who derives sexual satisfaction from inflicting pain

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20
Q

What is a masochist?

A

A person who derives sexual satisfaction from experiencing pain

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21
Q

What does BDSM stand for?

A

Bondage and discipline sadomasochism

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22
Q

What is a voyeurist?

A

Someone who becomes seuxally aroused from secretly viewing a woman, who is a stranger, undress

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23
Q

What type of person is mostly likely to be a voyeurist?

A

The youngest child in a family with good relationship with parents and few friends.

Rarely married and seldom have female friends

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24
Q

What is scoptophilia?

A

The sexual pleasure derived from observing sexual acts and the genitals

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25
Q

What is exhibitionism?

A

Exposing genitals to others in inappropriate situations

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26
Q

What is an illegal form abnormal sexual behaviour?

A

Exhibitionism

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27
Q

How does social learning theory explain exhibitionism?

A

Parents may have modeled such behaviour and it could be reinforced by getting attention

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28
Q

What is a high level of sex drive in women called?

A

Nymphomania

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29
Q

What is an excessive sex drive in men called?

A

Satyriasis or Don Juanism

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30
Q

What is an excessive, insatiable sex drive in either a man or a woman called? What does this often lead to?

A

Hypersexuality

Often leads to compulsive sexual behaviour

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31
Q

What is the desire to induce in oneself a state of oxygen deficiency in order to create sexual arousal or to enhance excitement and orgasm called?

A

Asphysiophillia

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32
Q

What are 6 characteristics (according to Griffith) of cybersex use and abuse?

A
  • Salience
  • Mood modification
  • Tolerance
  • Withdrawal symptoms
  • Conflict
  • Relapse
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33
Q

What is the desire to damage or soil a woman or her clothes called?

A

Saliromania

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34
Q

What is sexual pleasure from contact with feces called?

A

Coprophilia

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35
Q

What is frotteurism?

A

Rubbing one’s genitals against nonconsenting person

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36
Q

What is sexual satisfaction from contact with urine called?

A

Urophilia

37
Q

What is sexual contact with a dead person called?

A

Necrophilia

38
Q

What is bestiality called?

A

Zoophilia

39
Q

When does zoophilia most commonly occur?

A

Experimentation during adolescence, not by self-acknowledges zoophiles

40
Q

What is a reason that zoophiles give for having sex with animals?

A

Their desire for affection and pleasure

41
Q

What is a difference between zoophiles and bestialists?

A

Zoophiles say they are concerned for the animal’s welfare

42
Q

What are two medical treatments for sexual variations?

A
  • Surgical castration

- Hormone treatment (MPA)

43
Q

What is drug treatment for sexual variations called?

A

Psychopharmacological treatment

44
Q

What are four cognitive-behavioural treatments for sexual variations?

A
  • Behaviour therapy
  • Social skills training
  • Modification of distorted thinking
  • Relapse prevention
45
Q

What was the legal definition of rape prior to 1983?

A
  • Heterosexual intercourse by a man with a woman who was not his wife
46
Q

What was criticism for the definition of rape prior to 1983?

A
  • No provisions for male as a victim and female assailant
  • No provisions for spousal rape
  • Victim’s past sexual history could be put on trial
  • Charge of rape required corroboration (physical evidence)
  • Rape complaints had to be made immediately after the attack
47
Q

What are two types of sexual assault?

A
  • Simple sexual assault

- With a weapon, threats or bodily harm (aggravated assault)

48
Q

When can consent not be given?

A
  • If the complainant is drunk
  • Unconscious
  • Showing signs of disagreement
  • Changes their mind
49
Q

How many women over 18 have been sexually assaulted by a man since the age of 16?

A

39%

5% in the past two months
6% report the assault

50
Q

What is the most likely type of rape to be reported?

A

Stranger rape

51
Q

What percent of men report forced sex by men and women?

A

2% by men

1% by women

52
Q

What does sexual assault, section 271 state?

A

Somebody touches you in a sexual way on purpose, directly or indirectly, without your consent.

53
Q

What does section 272 (Sexual assault with a weapon, threats to a third party or causing bodily harm) state?

A

Sexual assault with a weapon, threats to a third party or causing bodily harm.

Somebody sexually assaults you and is armed with, or uses, a weapon, or forces you to have sex by threatening to do injury to somebody else or you

54
Q

What is section 273, aggravated sexual assault?

A

Somebody sexually assaults you and they cause serious injuries to you

55
Q

What is the legal age of consent in Canada?

A

16

56
Q

What did the federal government do in 2008 with consent laws?

A

Raised the age of consent from 14 to 16

57
Q

What does section 151 of the law (sexual interference) state?

A

If you are under 16, it is a criminal offence for someone to touch you body for a sexual purpose with a part of their body or any object, directly or indirectly.

58
Q

What does section 152 (invitation to sexual touching) of the law state?

A

If you are under 16 years old, it is a criminal offence for someone to invite, counsel or incite you to touch, directly or indirectly, their body, the body of someone else or your own body, for a sexual purpose.

59
Q

What does section 153 of the law (sexual exploitation) state?

A

If you are 16 years or older, but under 18, it is a criminal offence for someone in a position of trust or authority to have sexual contact with you. Even if you consent to it.

60
Q

What does section 173.2 of the law (indecent acts) state?

A

If you are under 16 years old, it is a criminal offence for someone to expose his/her genitals to you for a sexual purpose

61
Q

True or false? If you are mentally or physically challenged (any age), it is a criminal offence if, without your consent, someone invites, counsels or incites you to touch, directly or indirectly, their body, the body of someone else or your own body for a sexual purpose.

A

True

62
Q

At what age does the sexual exploitation of persons with a disability law come into affect?

A

All ages

63
Q

If you are 14 or 15 years old, who can you give consent to?

A

Someone who is less than five years older than you

64
Q

When is anal intercourse illegal?

A
  • Under 18 and not married

- In private/public with more than two people (any age)

65
Q

What percent of female university and college students experienced sexual coercion in the past year?

A

28%

66
Q

What are some possible causes of miscommunications by sexually aggressive men? Which one is most supported by research?

A
  • Lack of competence in reading women’s negative emotions
  • Failure to make subtle distinctions between friendliness and seductiveness
  • Sexually predatory behaviour
  • Suspicious schema - doubt honesty of women’s communication/rejection (most supported by research)
67
Q

What is a rufy? What does it look like?

A

Rohypnol

Small round and white, newer are oval and green-gray.

The effects are felt within 30 minutes and can last for several hours. Might look drunk.

68
Q

What is the liquid with no odor or color/white pill or powder that can be a little salty and takes effect in about 15 minutes?

A

GHB Gamma hydroxybutyric

69
Q

Which sexual assault drug is easiest to overdose on?

A

GHB Gamma hydroxybutyric

70
Q

What is ketamine?

A

Comes as a liquid and a white powder. Very fast acting.

Makes you aware, but paralyzed and inability to remember

71
Q

What is anger rape?

A

Venting rage and contempt for women, usually injures the victim and typically does not orgasm. A type of stranger rape.

72
Q

What are three kinds of stranger rape?

A
  • Anger rape
  • Power rape
  • Sadistic rape
73
Q

What is power rape?

A
  • Focus on control
  • Usually planned
  • Repetitive and increase in frequency
  • Rapist feels insecure
74
Q

What is sadistic rape?

A
  • Ritualistic violence
  • Bondage
  • Torture
  • Mutilation
  • Heavy use of violent pornography
75
Q

What is male rape?

A
  • Perpetrated by two or more adults against a younger man
  • Focus on humiliation and degradation
  • Higher levels of physical damage to victims body
  • Frequently occurs in prisons
76
Q

How many lesbians and gay men report forced sex?

A

31% lesbians

12% gay men

77
Q

What are three theories related to causes of sexual assault?

A
  • Victim precipitated (victim blaming)
  • Psychopathology
  • Socialization (cultured values, gender roles, pornography etc.)
78
Q

What are five factors associated with sexually aggressive heterosexual men?

A
  • Violent home environment
  • Delinquency
  • Predatory orientation (perception of enhanced self esteem)
  • Hostile masculine personality
  • Lack of empathy/self centered
79
Q

What are six attitudinal barriers to addressing sexual assault?

A
  • Minimization (demean the person who complains)
  • Directionality (Men may feel defensive or ashamed and women may feel protective of men present)
  • Trivialization (media, especially porn, has normalized aggressive sexual behaviour)
  • Collusion (victim blaming)
  • Meth of female masochism (rape myths)
  • Psychopathology (belief that perpetrators are mentally ill)
80
Q

What is minimization?

A

Demeaning the person who complains or ‘makes a fuss’

81
Q

What is directionality in the context of sexual assault?

A

Men may feel defensive or ashamed and women may feel protective of men present

82
Q

What is trivialization in the context of sexual assault?

A

media, especially porn, has normalized aggressive sexual behaviour

83
Q

What is collusion?

A

Victim blaming

84
Q

What is the myth of female masochism?

A

Rape myths, perpetuate notion that women enjoy physical and emotion pain connected with sex.

85
Q

What is psychopathology? Why is it dangerous?

A

The belief that perpetrators are mentally ill. Protects us from having to face the true causes of sexual assault - embedded in social norms.

86
Q

What is a paraphilia?

A

Recurring unconventional sexual behaviour that is obsessive and compuslive

87
Q

What are two types of fetishes?

A
  • Media fetish (eg. leather or fur)

- Form fetish (eg. shoes or bananas)

88
Q

True or false? Spousal sexual assault is by a person’s current spouse, but not former.

A

False. Can be current or former spouse

Human Sexuality III (4 decks)

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