2 Flashcards
1
Q
focus on the biological explanation of crimes, dealing with abnormalities in the individual before, during, and after the crime.
A
Subjective Approaches
2
Q
studies the physical characteristics of offenders vs. non-offenders (Hooton).
A
Anthropological Approach
3
Q
uses medical exams to explain mental and physical conditions of individuals before and after the crime (Positivist).
A
Medical Approach
4
Q
examines genetic influences on criminal behavior (Positivist).
A
Biological Approach
5
Q
studies human needs, suggesting deprivation leads to crime (Maslow).
A
Physiological Approach
6
Q
explains crime through mental disease diagnoses (Positivist).
A
Psychiatric Approach
7
Q
explains crime based on Freudian theory, linking behavior to repressed basic drives (Freud).
A
Psychoanalytical Approach
8
Q
__________deal on the study of groups, social processes and institutions as influences to behavior. They are primarily derived from social sciences (Tradio, 1999). Under this are:
A
Objective Approach
9
Q
this approach considers topography, natural resources, geographical location, and climate lead an individual to commit crime (Quetelet)
A
Geographic Approach
10
Q
it is concerned with the biotic grouping of men resulting to migration, competition, social discrimination, division of labor and social conflict as factors of crime (Park
A
Ecological Approach
11
Q
it deals with the explanation of crime concerning financial security of inadequacy and other necessities to support life as factors to criminality (Merton)
A
Economic Approach
12
Q
those that focus on institutions, economic, financial, education, political, and religious influences to crime (Cohen).
A
Socio - Cultural Approach
13
Q
Before the development of more scientific theories of criminal behavior, one of the most popular explanations was Demonology (Hagan, 1990). According to this explanation individual were thought to be possessed by good or evil spirits, which caused good or evil behavior. The theory maintains that criminal behavior was believed to be the result of evil spirits and demons something of natural force that controls his/her behavior. Centuries ago, Guilt and innocence were established by a variety of procedures that presumably called forth the supernatural allies of the accused. The accused were innocent if they could survive an ordeal, or if miraculous signs appeared. They were guilty if they died at stake, or if omens were associated with them (Bartol, 1995). Harsh punishments were also given.
A
The Demonological Theory
14
Q
was an Italian leader of the positivist school of
criminology
A
Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909)
15
Q
“father of modern criminology.”
A
Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909)
15
Q
what is the title of the essay that Lombroso wrote
A
“Crime: Its Causes and Remedies”
16
Q
Lombroso’s Classications of Criminals
A
- Born criminals
- Criminal by passion
- Insane criminals
- Criminoloid
- Occasional criminals
- Pseudo-criminals
17
Q
Those with the belief that criminal behavior is inherited.
A
Born Criminals
18
Q
Individuals easily inuenced by great emotions, like a t of
anger.
A
Criminal by Passion
19
Q
Those who commit crime due to abnormalities or
psychological disorders and should be exempt from criminal liability.
A
Insane Criminals
20
Q
A person who commits crime due to less physical stamina or selfcontrol.
A
Criminoloid
21
Q
Those who commit crime due to insignicant reasons that
pushed them to act on a given occasion.
A
Occasional Criminal
22
Q
Those who kill in self-defense.
A
Pseudo-criminals
23
Q
- was the best-known of Lombroso’s associates
- His greatest contribution was his attack on the classical school’s doctrine of free
will.
A
Enrico Ferri (1856-1929)
24
Denition of crime
Legal denition
Classical School
25
Punishment
Fit the crime
Classical School
26
Human Agency
Doctrine of free will
Classical School
27
Death penalty
Allowed
Classical School
28
Research methodology
No empirical research
Classical School
29
Sentencing
Denite sentence
Classical School
30
Denition of crime
No to legal denition
Positivist school
31
Punishment
Fit the criminal
Positivist school
32
Human Agency
Doctrine of determinism
Positivist school
33
Death penalty
Abolition of death penalty
Positivist school
34
Research methodology
Inductive method
Positivist school
35
Sentencing
Indeterminate sentence
Positivist school
36
- A French sociologist, he advocated for the Anomie Theory.
- Anomie Theory:
David Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
37
the absence of norms in a society provides a setting conducive to crimes
and other anti-social acts
Anomie Theory
38
- His view on criminal behavior was based on the use of psychology.
- He founded the Psychoanalytic Theory.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
39
- was a strong advocate of the scientic method in explaining criminality.
- He advocated the Human Ecology Theory.
Robert Ezra Park (1864-1944)
40
- The study of the interrelationship of people and their environment
- Maintains that isolation, social interaction, contract, social conflict, competition,
and hierarchy of people are the major inflluences of criminal behavior
Human Ecology Theory.
41
A German psychiatrist, his work originated the idea of somatotyping.
Ernest Kretschmer (1888-1964)
42
lean, slightly built, narrow shoulders
Asthenic
43
medium to tall, strong, muscular
Athletic
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medium height, rounded gure, broad face
Pyknic
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An influenced of the Somatotype School of Criminology, which related body
build to behavior.
Classified body physiques
William H. Sheldon (1898-1977)
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relative dominance of soft, roundness throughout the body with poorly developed bones and muscles.
Associated Temperament:
Viscerotonic - relaxed, comfort-loving,
extroverted
Endomorph
47
- relative predominance of muscle, bone and connective tissue. Heavy, hard, rectangular in outline.
- Associated Temperament: Somotonic - active, dynamic, assertive,
and aggressive
Mesomorph
48
- relative predominance of linearity and fragility.
- Associated Temperament: Cerebrotonic - restrained, introverted, and
artistic
Ectomorph
49
considered the most important criminologist of the 20th century
He advocated the Differential Association Theory
Edwin Sutherland (1883-1950)
50
Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication
Differential Association Theory
51
He advocated the Containment Theory.
Walter Reckless (1899-1988)
52
- the inner and outer pushes and pulls on an individual will produce
delinquency unless they are counteracted by inner and outer containment
- Outer containment: structural buffer in the person's immediate social world
- Inner containment: person's self-control, ensured by strong ego, good selfimage, well-developed conscience, high frustration tolerance and high sense of
responsibility.
Containment Theory
53
structural buffer in the person's immediate social world
Outer containment
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person's self-control, ensured by strong ego, good selfimage, well-developed conscience, high frustration tolerance and high sense of
responsibility.
Inner containment
55
Advocated the Strain Theory.
Robert Merton (1910-2003)
56
the failure of man to achieve a higher status of life caused them to commit
crimes in order for that status/goal to be attained
Strain Theory
57
Advocated the Sub-Culture Theory of Delinquency.
Albert Cohen (1918-2014)
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lower class cannot socialize effectively as the middle class in what is considered appropriate middle class behavior and the lower class gathered together share their common problems, forming a subculture
that rejects middle class values
Sub-Culture Theory of Delinquency
59
Advocated the Neutralization Theory.
Gresham Sykes (1922-2010)
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an individual will obey or disobey societal rules depending upon his or her
ability to rationalize whether he is protected from hurt or destruction and people become law abiding if they feel they are benefited by it and they violate it if these laws are not favorable to them
Neutralization Theory
61
Advocated the Differential Opportunity Theory
Lloyd Ohlin (1918-2008)
62
- society leads the lower class to want things and society does things to
people
- Differential opportunity, or access, to success goals by both legitimate and
illegitimate means depends on the specic location of the individual within the
social structure, lower class groups are provided with greater opportunities for
the acquisition of deviant acts.
Differential Opportunity Theory
63
Advocated the Instrumental Marxist Theory
Richard Quinney (1934-2021)
64
- argues that the state and the legal system are instruments of the capitalist class
- Capitalism requires that the subordinate classes remain oppressed by whatever
means necessary, including the use of the law.
Instrumental Marxist Theory:
65
Classication of Behavior
1. Normal Behavior (adaptive or adjusted):
2. Abnormal Behavior (maladaptive/maladjusted)
66
The standard behavior, the totality accepted because they follow the standard norms of society
A normal person is characterized by:
1.Efficient perception of reality
2.Self-knowledge
3. Ability to exercise voluntary control over behavior
4. Self-esteem and acceptance
Productivity
5. Ability to form affectionate relationships with others
Normal Behavior (adaptive or adjusted):
67
behaviors that are deviant from social expectations because they go against the norms or standard behavior of society
Abnormal Behavior (maladaptive/maladjusted):
68
Kinds of Behavior
1. Manifest or Overt Behavior
2. Covert Behavior
3. Conscious or Unconscious Behavior
4. Simple or Complex Behavior
5. Rational or Irrational Behavior
6. Voluntary or Involuntary Behavior
69
Aspects of Behavior
1. Intellectual Aspect:
2. Emotional Aspect:
3. Social Aspect
4. Moral Aspect
5. Psychosexual Aspect:
6. Political Aspect
7. Value/Attitude:
70
Behaviors that are directly observable.
Manifest or Overt Behavior
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Behaviors that are not visible to the naked eye.
Covert Behavior
72
Behaviors one is aware or unaware of.
Conscious or Unconscious Behavior
73
Determined by the number of neurons involved.
Simple or Complex Behavior
74
Actions with sanity or reason versus without
apparent reason.
Rational or Irrational Behavior
75
Acts done with full volition versus bodily
processes.
Voluntary or Involuntary Behavior
76
1. Anxiety (Psychological Perspective
2. Faulty Learning (Behavioral Perspective
3. Blocked or Distorted Personal Growth (Humanistic Perspective)
4. Unsatisfactory Interpersonal Relationship
5. Pathological Social Conditions
Perspectives on the Causes of Abnormal Behavior
77
Stressful situations may result in maladaptive behavior.
Anxiety (Psychological Perspective)
78
Failure to learn necessary adaptive behavior or learning wrongful behavior.
Faulty Learning (Behavioral Perspective
79
Unfavorable
environment.
Blocked or Distorted Personal Growth (Humanistic Perspective)
80
Overly critical parents or rigid
socialization.
Unsatisfactory Interpersonal Relationship
81
Poverty, social discrimination, and destructive
violence.
Pathological Social Conditions
82
1. Neurotic or Psychoneurotic Pattern
2. Psychopathic Pattern
3. Psychotic Patterns
4. Addictive behavioral pattern
5. Sexual Dysfunctional pattern
Patterns of Criminal Behavior
83
- No gross personality disorganization, individual does not lose contact with
reality, and hospitalization is not required.
- Characterized by mild stresses, tensions, and fears.
Neurotic or Psychoneurotic Pattern
84
- Characterized by "neurotic fear".
- Occasional but intense anxiety is called "panic".
- Mild but continuous anxiety is called "worry".
Anxiety Disorders
85
characterized by the experience of persistent thoughts that we cannot seem to get out of our minds and individuals that are compelled to carry out some actions against his will
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
86
An anxiety disorder characterized by chronic mental and physical fatigue
and various aches and pains
Asthenic Disorders (Neurasthenia)
87
- intense fear of some objects or situation that in reality at no real present
to that person
- Acrophobia - fear of high places
Phobic Disorders
88
- Complaints suggest the presence of bodily symptoms, but no organic basis can
be found.
- The individual is preoccupied with their state of health or diseases.
Somatoform Disorders
89
excessive concern about one's state of health or physical condition
Hypochondriasis
90
severe and lasting pain
Psychogenic Pain Disorder
91
also referred to as functional neurological disorder (FND), is a condition where a person experiences physical symptoms that cannot be explained by a medical condition, but are instead linked to psychological distress or trauma
Conversion Disorders (Hysteria)
92
A response to obvious stress.
Amnesia: memory loss
Multiple Personality
Dissociative Disorders
93
The partial or total inability to recall or identify past experiences.
amnesia
94
- total loss of memory and it cannot be retrieved by simple means.
- it requires long period of medication
brain pathology amnesia
95
failure to recall stored information and still they are beneath the level of consciousness bu "forgotten material"
Psychogenic amnesia
96
Multiple personality (multiple personalities)
The reason manifests two or more symptoms of personality usually dramatically different.
97
- The loss of of sense of self or the so-called out of body experience.
- There is a feeling of detachment from one's mental processes or body or being in a dream state.
- Cases of somnambulism ( sleep walking) may fall under this disorder.
Depersonalization
98
- Typically immature and distorted personality development, stemming from
maladaptive ways of perceiving and thinking.
- Emotional immaturity, absence of life plan, lack of capacity for loyalty.
Psychopathic Pattern
99
Personality Disorders
1. Paranoid Personality Disorder: suspicious, rigidity, envy, hypersensitivity.
2. Schizoid Personality Disorder: inability to form social relationships.
3. Schizotypal Personality Disorder: seclusiveness, oversensitivity.
4. Histrionic Personality Disorder: immaturity, excitability.
5. Narcissistic Personality Disorder: exaggerated sense of self-importance.
6. Borderline Personality Disorder: instability reected in drastic mood shifts.
7. Avoidant Personality Disorder: hypersensitivity to rejection.
8. Dependent Personality Disorder: extreme dependence on other people.
9. Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder: hostile in indirect ways.
10. Compulsive Personality Disorder: excessive concern with rules and order.
11. Anti-social Personality Disorder: continuing violation of the rights of others
without remorse.
100
suspicious, rigidity, envy, hypersensitivity.
Paranoid Personality
101
inability to form social relationships.
Schizoid Personality Disorder
102
seclusiveness, oversensitivity.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
103
immaturity, excitability.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
104
exaggerated sense of self-importance.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
105
instability reected in drastic mood shifts.
Borderline Personality Disorder
106
hypersensitivity to rejection
Avoidant Personality Disorder
107
extreme dependence on other people
Dependent Personality Disorder
108
hostile in indirect ways.
Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder
109
excessive concern with rules and order.
Compulsive Personality Disorder
110
continuing violation of the rights of others
without remorse.
Anti-social Personality Disorder
111
Disorders involving gross structural defects in the brain tissue, severe disorientation of the mind thus it involves loss of contact with reality
Psychotic Patterns
112
- Mental disorder that occurs when the normal brain has been damaged resulting
from any interference of the functioning of the brain.
- Acute brain disorder: caused by a diffuse impairment of the brain function.
- Chronic brain disorder: results from injuries, diseases, drugs, and a variety of
other conditions
Organic Mental Disorders
113
caused by a diffuse impairment of the brain function.
Acute brain disorder
114
results from injuries, diseases, drugs, and a variety of
other conditions
Chronic brain disorder
115
Groups of Organic Mental Disorders
1. Delirium: severe impairment of information processing in the brain.
2. Dementia: deterioration in intellectual functioning after completing brain
maturation.
3. Amnestic Syndrome: inability to remember ongoing events.
4. Hallucinosis: persistent occurrence of hallucinations.
5. Organic Delusional Syndrome: false belief arising in a setting of known or
suspected brain damage.
6. Organic Affective Syndrome: extreme manic or depressive state with the
impairment of the cerebral function.
7. Organic Personality Syndrome: general personality changes following brain
damage.
8. General Paresis: syphilitic infection of the brain involving impairment of the
CNS.
116
severe impairment of information processing in the brain
Delirium
117
deterioration in intellectual functioning after completing brain maturation.
Dementia
118
inability to remember ongoing events.
Amnestic Syndrome
119
persistent occurrence of hallucinations
Hallucinosis
120
false belief arising in a setting of known or suspected brain damage.
Organic Delusional Syndrome
121
extreme manic or depressive state with the impairment of the cerebral function.
Organic Affective Syndrome
122
general personality changes following brain damage
Organic Personality Syndrome
123
syphilitic infection of the brain involving impairment of the
CNS.
General Paresis
124
