2

Question 1

• a method for finding and guaranteeing the truth that focuses on careful inspection and description of phenomena or appearances
• it is the scientific study of the essential structures of consciousness

Answer 1

Phenomenology

Question 2

____ is not primarily a philosophical method nor is it exactly a set of doctrines but more of an outlook or attitude supported by diverse doctrines centered on certain common themes

Answer 2

Existentialism

Question 3

it emphasizes the importance of free individual choice regradless of the power of other people to influence and coerce our desires, beliefs, and decisions

Answer 3

Existentialism

Question 4

____ believe the humanity should come at truth beyond the rational to the non-rational elements of human nature, including the spiritual

Answer 4

Postmodernism

Question 5

is the conviction that to some significant degree, philosophical problems, puzzles, and errors are rooted in language and can be solved or avoided by a sound understanding of language and careful attention to its working

Answer 5

Analytical Tradition

Question 6

____ is centered in the analysis and construction of arguments

Answer 6

Logic

Question 7

____ is distinguishing facts and opinions or personal feelings

Answer 7

Critical Thinking

Question 8

____ is valid and sound if it is a product of logically constructed premises

Answer 8

Deductive Argument

Question 9

____ is strong if it provides probable support to the conclusion

Answer 9

Inductive Argument

Question 10

• defect in an argument
• are detected by examining the contents of the argument

Answer 10

Fallacies

Question 11

an attempt to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his or her opponent’s feelings of pity or guilt

Answer 11

Appeal to pity (argumentum ad misericordiam)

Question 12

what has not been proven false must be true and vice versa

Answer 12

Appeal to ignorance (argumentum ad ignorantiam)

Question 13

a logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word several times, but giving the particular word a different meaning each time

Answer 13

Equivocation

Question 14

something is true of the whole form the fact that it is true of some part of the whole

Answer 14

Composition

Question 15

something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of its parts

Answer 15

Division

Question 16

it links the validity of a premise to a characteristic or belief of the person advocating the premise

Answer 16

Against the Person (argumentum ad hominem)

Question 17

an argument where force, coercion, or the threat of force is given as justification for a conclusion

Answer 17

Appeal to force (argumentum ad baculum)

Question 18

an argument that appeals or exploits people’s vanities, desire for esteem, and anchoring on popularity

Answer 18

Appeal to the people (argumentum ad populum)

Question 19

since that event followed this one, that event must have been caused by this one

Answer 19

False cause (post hoc)

Question 20

making an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence

Answer 20

Hasty Generalization

Question 21

an argument where the proposition to be proven is assumed implicitly or explicitly in the premise

Answer 21

Begging the question (petitio principii)

Question 22

statement that cannot be proved or checked

Answer 22

Opinion

Question 23

statement that can be checked or proved

Answer 23

Facts