1 Flashcards
it is something from which everything begins with. it is also called the primordial stuff
Arche
the arche is air, something observable and can be felt
Anaximenes
the arche must be FIRE
Heraclitus
the arche is WATER
Thales
the arche must be something that is precise thus everything must be constituted by numbers
Phythagoras
the arche is not just fire, but the WAFE
Empidocles
everything must be constituted by tiny particles called atoms
Democritus
everything is created because of the municipality of elements
Anaxagoras
is also defined as the science that by natural light of reason studies the first causes or highest principles of all things
Philosophy
- it is an organized body of knowledge
- it is systematic
- it follows certain steps or employs certain procedure
Science
it uses a philosopher’s natural capacity to think or human reason or the so-called unaided reason
Natural Light of Reason
- it makes philosophy distinct from other sciences because it is no one dimension or partial
- a philosopher does not limit himself to a particular object of inquiry
Study of All Things
whatever is; whatever is not is not. Everything is its own being, and not being is not being
Principle of Identity
it is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same thing
Principle of Non-Contradiction
a thing is either is or is not; between being and not being there is no middle ground possible
Principle of Excluded Middle
nothing exists without sufficient reason for its being and existence
Principle of Sufficient Reason
it is an extension of a fundamental and necessary drive in every human being to know what is real
Metaphysics
- their theories are based on unobservable entities: mind and matter
- they explain the observable in terms of the unobservable
Idealist and Materialist
- nothing we experience in the physical world with our five senses is real
- reality is unchanging, eternal, immaterial, and can be detected only by the intellect
Plato
- it explores the nature of moral virtue and evaluates human actions
- it is a study of the nature of moral judgement
- it attempts to provide an account of our fundamental ethical ideas
Ethics
to be happy is to live a virtuous life
Socrates
it deals with nature, sources, limitations and validity of knowledge
Epistemology
- gives importance to particular things seen, heard, and touched
- forms general ideas through the examination of particular facts
Induction
is the view that knowledge can be attained only through sense experience
Empiricism
gives importance to general law from which particular facts are understood and judged
Deduction
advocates of deduction method
Rationalist
the meaning and truth of an idea are tested by its practical consequences
Pragmatism
- it does not provide us knowledge of the world directly and does not contribute directly to the content of our thoughts
- it is not interested in what we know regarding certain subjects but in the truth or the validity of our arguments regarding such objects
Logic
- first philosopher to devise a logical method
- truth means the agreement of knowledge with reality
Aristotle
it is the science of the beautiful in various manifestations- including the sublime, comic, tragic, pathetic, and ugly
Aesthetics
