2/15/2024

Question 1

Innate Immunity

Answer 1

No change, no learning, no adaptation

Question 2

Epidermis

Answer 2

Multiple layers of tightly packed cells; few pathogens that can penetrate these layers; shedding skin cells removes bacteria

Question 3

Dermis

Answer 3

Collagen fibers help skin resist abrasions that could introduce microorganisms

Question 4

Salt

Answer 4

Binds available H2O

Question 5

Lysozyme Released

Answer 5

Breaks NAG NAM layers (1 rxn / sec)

Question 6

Catalase

Answer 6

10,000 rxn / sec

Question 7

Mucous Membrane in Innate Immunity

Answer 7

Bacteria ingested are digested by bile salts and acids in stomach; mucous becomes thicker and moves bacteria down; ciliated cells pass bacteria down to stomach

Question 8

Lacrimal Apparatus in Innate Immunity

Answer 8

Produces and drains tears; blinking spreads tears and washes surfaces of eyes; lysozyme in tears destroys bacteria

Question 9

Normal Microbiota in Innate Immunity

Answer 9

Activities of normal microbiota make it difficult for pathogens to compete; Urine flushes bacteria out quickly through urethra; Saliva contains digestive enzymes and washes bacteria to stomach

Question 10

Leukocytes

Answer 10

Involved in defending body against invaders; granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 11

Neutrophils

Answer 11

100,000’s flowing around in blood vessels; will enter ruptured tissue because bacteria will send a message to blood vessel lining cells to produce proteins; neutrophil has has proteins that will interact with and modify blood vessels to attract them; these will flatten out, squeeze through blood vessel, and enter tissue (diapedesis)

Question 12

Phagocytosis

Answer 12

Bacteria is engulfed into phagosome

Question 13

Lysosomes

Answer 13

Fuses with phagosome and protease is activated; cell wall and proteins are degraded; reactive oxygen species steal electrons; microbes killed by enzymes and eliminated (exocytosis); called a phagolysosome

Question 14

Non Specific Chemical Defenses Against Pathogens

Answer 14

Virus drops off RNA that tricks cell into translating it; message sent from infected cell to nearby cells to turn on / upregulate Anti Viral Proteins before they are hit with the virus; interferons are proteins released to inhibit spread of viral infections; first infected cell will die due to successful reproduction and cells with anitviral proteins made will live

Question 15

Abopec Proteins

Answer 15

Modifies nucleic acids of the virus

Question 16

C#B

Answer 16

Binds

Question 17

C#A

Answer 17

Does not bind - will float away

Question 18

MAC

Answer 18

Membrane Attack Complex - pore in membrane of cell; bacteria loses proton motive force

Question 19

Anaphylatoxins

Answer 19

Fragments (C3a, C4a and C5a) that are produced as a result of the activation of the complement system; promote inflammation / trafficking / fever

Question 20

Conclusion

Answer 20

Neutrophil from blood stream enters tissue and are aided by inflammation ; anaphylatoxins allow neutrophil into tissue

Question 21

Proton Motive Force

Answer 21

Cell membrane becomes energized due to electron transport rxns by the electron carriers embedded in it