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ENCOR > 2 > Flashcards

2 Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause broadcast radiation in a VM environment?

A

The Layer 2 domain can be large in virtual machine environments
Virtual machines communicate primarily through broadcast mode

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2
Q

What GRE features can you configure to prevent fragmentation?

A

TCP MSS
PMTUD

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3
Q

Which LISP device publishes EID-to-RLOC mappings?

A

ETR

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4
Q

What does ETR do?

A

Publishes EID-to-RLOC mappings for the site
Responds to Map-Request messages
Decapsulates and delivers LISP-encapsulated user data to end systems at the site

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5
Q

What are some benefits of using VMs to virtualize the server in a data center environment?

A

Reduce rack space, power, and cooling reqs
Faster deployment

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6
Q

What do route targets do in VRF-Lite?

A

Control the import and export of routes into a customer routing table

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7
Q

What is a PITR?

A

A LISP infrastructure device that provides connectivity between non-LISP sites and LISP sites

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8
Q

In what way is a Type 1 hypervisor more efficient than a Type 2 hypervisor?

A

Type 1 runs directly on the physical hardware of the host machine without relying on the underlying OS

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9
Q

What is VXLAN?

A

An encapsulation protocol that lets you overlay Layer 2 networks on top of Layer 3 networks

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10
Q

What is TCP MSS?

A

The maximum amount of data that a host is willing to accept in a single TCIP/IP datagram
Can be tuned to minimize fragmentation

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11
Q

How do you minimize fragmentation in IP and TCP?

A

TCP - MSS
IP - MTU

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12
Q

How do IP/MAC allocations work for VMs on Type 1 hypervisors?

A

Each VM needs a unique IP and MAC address to be able to reach other nodes

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13
Q

What are the two namespaces used in LISP?

A

EIDs - end hosts
RLOCs - devices that make up the global routing system

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14
Q

What are examples of Type 1 hypervisors?

A

Microsoft Hyper-V
VMware ESXi
Citrix XenServer

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15
Q

In LISP, what does the resolver do?

A

Accepts map requests

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16
Q

In LISP, what does the server do?

A

Learns EID mapping entries from an ETR

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17
Q

In LISP, what does the proxy ETR dp?

A

LISP to non-LISP

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18
Q

In LISP, what does the ITR do?

A

Receives packets from site-facing interfaces

19
Q

What does VTEP do in VXLAN?

A

Encapsulates and de-encapsulates VXLAN Ethernet frames

20
Q

What two actions provide controlled Layer 2 network connectivity between VMs running on the same hypervisor?

A

Using a virtual switch provided by the hypervisor
Using a virtual switch running as a separate VM

21
Q

What is a type 1 hypervisor?

A

Runs directly on a physical server and has its own OS

22
Q

What is the default keepalive value in GRE tunnels?

A

10 seconds

23
Q

What is the default protocol/transport mode for a GRE tunnel?

A

GRE/IP

24
Q

What is the purpose of the LISP routing and addressing architecture?

A

It creates two entries for each network node, one for its identity and another for its location on the network

25
Q

What happens when a 1500-byte packet traverses a GRE tunnel?

A

The IP header is 20 bytes, GRE header is 4 bytes, so the 1500-byte packet will arrive fragmented

26
Q

What maintains Layer 2 isolation between segments in a VXLAN environment?

A

VNID

27
Q

What is VNID?

A

VXLAN Network Identifier
24-bit segment ID that defines the broadcast domain

28
Q

What is a virtual machine?

A

An emulated machine with a dedicated compute, memory, storage resources, and a fully installed OS

29
Q

What are some features of VSS?

A

Combines two devices
Supports devices that are geographically separated
Supported on Cisco 4500 and 6500

30
Q

What are some features/limitations of switch stacking?

A

Limited in distance
Can have up to 9 switches
Supported in Cisco 2960, 3750, and 3850

31
Q

What technology is used to provide segmentation for Layer 2 and 3 traffic in VXLAN?

A

VNI

32
Q

How do you assign an IP address to a VRF?

A

ip address [add] [wildcard]

#address-family ipv4

33
Q

Why might a tunnel be disabled after a network admin configures a GRE tunnel? %TUN-RECURDOWN

A

Recursive routing; the best path to the tunnel destination is through the tunnel itself

34
Q

What is a benefit of using a Type 2 hypervisor instead of Type 1?

A

Can use hardware running other OSs

35
Q

What’s true about crypto maps in tunneling configurations?

A

IPsec profiles do not need crypto maps

36
Q

What is needed for a VM to run?

A

Hypervisor
Physical server hardware

37
Q

What allocates computing resources for a VM?

A

Hypervisor

38
Q

What component of a VM is responsible for sending packets to the hypervisor?

A

vNIC

39
Q

What is the configuration file containing settings for a VM?

A

VMX

40
Q

What is a zip file connecting a VM configuration file and virtual disk?

A

OVA

41
Q

What is a file that contains a VM disk drive?

A

VMDK

42
Q

What element enables communication between guest VMs within a virtualized environment?

A

vSwitch

43
Q
A

ENCOR (3 decks)

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