2 Flashcards
Which describes the work of Nicolaus Copernicus?
Developing a heliocentric theory
Which accomplishments are attributed to Galileo Galilei?
confirmed that the earth revolves around the sun
discovered moons orbiting Jupiter
created a powerful telescope
Which best describes the influence of Isaac Newton’s theory of universal gravitation?
It showed that the universe follows a set of predictable rules.
What did John Locke believe?
It is the government’s job to protect the natural rights of life, liberty, and property.
Which beliefs did Voltaire hold?
The English system was better than the French
Which beliefs did Voltaire hold?
God does not take part in human lives.
Kings should be guided by reason.
Which was influenced by Montesquieu?
U.S. Constitution
Which best describes a major impact of the U.S. Constitution?
It established a government based on a document reflecting the will of the people.
Which circumstances caused the French Revolution?
the tax burden on common people
France’s financial crisis
Which circumstances caused the French Revolution?
the voting structure in the Estates-General
Maximilien Robespierre led France during which phase of the Revolution?
the Reign of Terror
Which was Napoleon’s greatest achievement as leader of France?
the Napoleonic Code
Where did Napoleon suffer his most serious defeat?
Russia
Who led the rebellion of enslaved people in Haiti in 1791?
Toussaint-Louverture
Father Hidalgo led a struggle for independence in which country?
Mexico
Why did democracy fail following most Latin American revolutions?
The people of Latin American had very little experience with self-government
Which best explains the role of nationalism in Europe following the Congress of Vienna?
Resisting Napoleon’s armies prompted many people to resist the return of traditional monarchies.
Which circumstances were a major cause of Russian weakness in the mid-1800s?
Serfdom
autocratic rule
Which circumstances were a major cause of Russian weakness in the mid-1800s?
defeat in the Crimean War
What was the primary goal of Giuseppe Mazzini’s Young Italy movement?
creating a united Italian nation
What did Otto von Bismarck use to promote Germany unification?
militarism
Which step did Britain take to prevent rebellion in some of its colonies?
increased self-government
Which issue was resolved by the U.S. Civil War?
enslavement
Which best describes the political situation in Latin America in 1800?
Most of the region’s colonies were ruled by European nations and were ready to fight for independence.
Who was known as The Liberator because he helped Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador gain their independence?
Simón Bolívar
Who led the Army of the Andes over the Andes Mountains to liberate Chile and also helped Argentina and Peru gain their independence?
José de San Martín
The movement for Mexican independence picked up speed when which man gave a speech in Dolores to Indians and mestizos?
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Mexico was able to gain its independence from Spain when which group switched sides to the cause of independence?
Creoles
Why did democracy fail in most of Latin America in the decades following colonial independence?
The former colonies had no experience with ruling themselves.
What was the goal of the leaders who met at the Congress of Vienna in 1815?
create a balance of power in Europe to achieve stability
Which is an example of how growing nationalism resulted in revolution and change in Europe in the 1800s?
Greeks rebelled against their Ottoman rulers.
Which best describes Russia in the early 1800s?
The tsars were in complete control, and most Russians were serfs.
Who organized the Redshirts and helped Italians rebel against their rulers?
Giuseppe Garibaldi
What were Giuseppe Mazzini’s goals?
to unite the Italian states and achieve a freely elected government
Who was a Prussian politician who wanted to forge the German states into one nation?
Otto von Bismarck
What did Otto von Bismarck do to achieve his goal of drawing smaller German states to Prussia’s side?
started a war with France
How was Great Britain able to avoid revolution during the 1800s?
It enacted reforms that gave most of its citizens the right to vote.
What did Great Britain do to spread democratic principles in its empire?
It allowed some of its English-speaking colonies to manage their own internal affairs.
Which event doubled the size of the United States in the 1800s?
Louisiana Purchase
What was a main cause of the American Civil War?
The question of weather slavery should be allowed in new territories
Who showed that our universe is heliocentric—the planets of the solar system revolve around the sun?
Nicolaus Copernicus
Who developed the laws of gravitation and motion?
Isaac Newton
Who was often called the father of modern mathematics because he created analytic geometry and the Cartesian coordinate system?
René Descartes
Who first asserted that scientists should conduct repeated observations and practical experiments to answer specific questions?
Francis Bacon
Which was an accomplishment of Galileo Galilei?
discovering four moons orbiting Jupiter
How did people’s general way of thinking change as a result of the Scientific Revolution?
People questioned long-accepted views.
What was the Enlightenment?
an intellectual movement based on reason
Who wrote about the importance of basing government on the general will?
Jean-jacques Rousseau
Which Enlightenment thinker explained in his Two Treatises of Government that all beings have the same natural rights of life, liberty, and property?
John Locke
Which was a belief of Voltaire?
Kings should be guided by reason
Which did Montesquieu influence?
US Constitution
Which was an idea or belief of the Enlightenment thinker Mary Wollstonecraft?
Women should have the same opportunities for education as men.
Why did the colonists object to paying new taxes on goods such as sugar, paper, and tea?
The colonists were being taxed without any representation in the British Parliament.
Thomas Jefferson based his argument for unalienable rights on the work of which person?
John Locke
Why was the Battle of Saratoga a major turning point during the American Revolution?
The battle convinced the French to help the colonies.
Which was a cause of the French Revolution?
The common people paid all of the taxes but have none of the benefits
Which was an achievement of the National Convention?
It abolished slavery in France and the French colonies.
Which action by the National Assembly was inspired by Enlightenment ideals and the American Revolution?
It issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
Which describes a consequence of the French Revolution?
It inspired many Europeans to rise up against powerful monarchs.
Which best describes a similarity between the outcomes of the French and American revolutions?
They changed the world’s ideas about how nations should be ruled.
How did Napoleon achieve power in France?
He helped overthrow the French goverment
How did Napoleon achieve power in France?
He helped overthrow the French government.
Which event helped bring about an end to Napoleon’s reign?
Weakened during an invasion of Russia, Napoleon’s army never regained its strength.
Which best reflects a way in which Napoleon’s goals did not support Enlightenment ideals?
He attempted to build an empire by conquering other nations.
What was a long-term effect of Napoleon’s reign?
He established a code of law that made all citizens equal.
Which astronomer designed scientific instruments, including a new kind of thermometer, an improved compass, and a more powerful telescope?
Galileo Galilei
Which philosopher believed the path to new knowledge is by way of inductive reasoning?
Francis Bacon
Which Enlightenment thinker believed that it is a government’s job to protect the natural rights of life, liberty, and property?
John Locke
Which of the following was a belief of the Enlightenment thinker Mary Wollstonecraft?
Women should have the same opportunities for education as men.
Who helped liberate Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador?
Simón Bolívar
Why did democracy fail to establish itself in Latin America after former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had gained their independence?
The former colonies had no experience in self-rule.
Which resulted in rebellions in Greece, France, and the Habsburg Empire in the mid-1800s?
rise of nationalism in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon
Who started wars with Austria and France in order to achieve his goal of unifying Germany under Prussian leadership?
Otto von Bismarck
