1V. Replacement Gilt Flashcards
Swine reach puberty at about
5 months of age
is the beginning of the reproductive capability or sexual maturity of the animal. But at the stage, they are not yet ready for breeding. Breeding at this stage usually retards growth & development of the animal.
Puberty
Gilts should be bred at not less than ______________, weighing around ___________&have already at least twice.
7.5 months old or 225 days
120 – 130 kg
Ovulation in swine increases progressively from one heat period to another until the _______ when the gilt is one year old.
5th heat
Sows & sexually mature gilts normally undergo periodic heat periods (estrous cycle), which last from
18 – 24 days or an average of 21 days.
The period of sexual receptivity, called the estrus or heat period, lasts from 2 to 5 days. The following are the signs:
1.Swelling & reddening of the vulva
2.Thick mucus discharge from the vagina
3.Mounting other animals (mounting heat) or willingness to be mounted by others regardless of sex (standing heat). Also assumes characteristic mating position when touched on the back by a boar or caretaker.
4.Restlessness; grunting
5.Reduced appetite
6.Attempting to urinate with very little urine at all
7.Difficult to be moved or transfer in the presence of a boar
8.Reacts to the boars mating sound
approach the animal from behind & apply pressure on her sides with both hands. If she is receptive, she will just stand firm & rigid, ready to be served
Back pressure test -
–ride on or press the back or loin of the female. Just like the first method, the sexually receptive female will stand firm, rigid & ready to be served
Riding-the-back-test
– squeeze old in a sample squeeze bottle on the snout of the female. With the boars smell on the semen, she will just stand firm & remain rigid if she sexually receptive.
Semen-on-snout-method
– a vasectomized boar is the animal to use in this method. Allow the boar to amount the sow. If the sow does not run away but stands firm & remains rigid with cocked ears & willingly submits to the caprices of the male, she is sexually receptive.
Teaser boar method
–About 10-14 days before the gilts are served, the feed allowance is increased to 3.0-3.5 kgs/day. The aim is to increase ovulation. This means however that the heat cycle of the gilt (1st& 2nd) should be properly observed & recorded such that on the 3rd heat flushing can be implemented
FLUSHING
HEALTH & MANAGEMENT
QUARANTINE MEASURES
HEALTH & VACCINATION PROGRAM
A success swine operation, whether small or large scale depends greatly on the proper care & management of the boar which accounts for ____ of the farm performance.
50%
Greater selection is possible with boars than with gilts since in most herds, one boar is selected for every ________
15 – 20 gilts.
–Docileness, temperament, sex characteristics, maturity & aggressiveness
Behavior
- reproductive ability, litter size, milking & mothering ability, average pigs farrowed & weaned, average pig birth weight.
Sow productivity
- growth rate measured as gain per day from weaning to market and feed conversion. The boar should; (based on boar’s own record & not from relatives)
Performance
Performance - growth rate measured as gain per day from weaning to market and feed conversion. The boar should; (based on boar’s own record & not from relatives)
1.Reach 104 kg at 155 days or less of age (5mo)
2.Consumed about 125 kg of feed per 45 kg gain weight or less (between the weight of 27 & 104 Kg)
3. Gain 0.9 kg or more per day during the same time
– has very high heritability externally it can be measured by leanness of the animal. A boar of about 104 kg should have a backfat of 1.5 cm or less
Backfat
– Spacing, number & presentation of teats; genetic abnormalities & mating ability.
Reproductive soundness
Reproductive soundness – Spacing, number & presentation of teats; genetic abnormalities & mating ability.
consider the following:
- physical soundness of the feet & legs
with medium to large bone
wide stance both front & rear feet
free in movement
good cushion
equal size of toes - bone size & strength
– includes body length, depth & skeletal size & shape, boar masculinity & testicular development
conformation
Too little breeding work is also dangerous of the build up of _______ which inhibits production of fresh & results into a very low fertility level.
stale semen
The _______ is a very crucial point in a young boar’s life, it is important that the first mating should be with a suitable female that knows the rudiments of mating.
1st service
The 1st service is a very crucial point in a young boar’s life, it is important that the first mating should be with a suitable female that knows the rudiments of mating. The female should not be
nervous, shaky & elusive.
FEEDING
2.0 kgs per day + or – 0.5 kg if thin or fat
The fed allowance for boar depends on its condition which is influenced by the frequency of service or semen collection
The amount of feed is needed for body maintenance & semen production
Giving to much feed might lead to;
Obesity-laziness
Poor libido-poor mating results
Too heavy-leg problem
Feed your boars with the same ration given to gilts or sows
Newly arrived boars should be isolated for at least ___, quarantined separate from other stocks in a large pen.
2 weeks
. Some culled sows or finishing pigs may be placed in a small adjacent pen where good nosing or contract possibilities could be attained. This practice could last for 3 – 4 weeks.
Acclimatization of boars
. This will help harden the claw horn. Do it once in a week with the following solution: 5% COPPER SULFATE, 5% FORMALIN. It should be adequate in length & depth for the animal to take strides thru
Footbath treatment
Deworming
3-4 times a year
Mange treatment
3-4 times a year
Vit. ADE injection
1-2 times a month
HC vaccine
6 months of age
FMD vaccine
6.5 months of age
Parvovirus vaccine
7 months of age
Pseudorabies vaccine
7 months of age
The time interval from weaning to service. the sow is unproductive. That’s why, a good sow should come back into heat & be ready for service within 3 to 7 days after weaning.
THE DRY PERIOD
THE DRY PERIOD
The time interval from weaning to service. the sow is unproductive. That’s why, a good sow should come back into heat & be ready for service within ___________
3 to 7 days after weaning.
(SOW)MANAGEMENT
- signs of poor management practice
- low conception rate 3. Small litter size at birth & weaning
- abortion 4. Impaired reproduction
- low conception rate
- Small litter size at birth & weaning
- abortion
- Impaired reproduction
The time during which the sow will accept the boar
HEAT PERIOD OR ESTRUS
THE HEAT PERIOD OR ESTRUS
The time during which the sow will accept the boar. It lasts from ___________________. If not bred., the cycle will repeat at _____________________________
1-5 days with an average of 2-3 days.
16 – 25 days with an average of 21 days.
Heat period or estrus
It is believed that ovulation takes place _____ after the onset of estrus (standing heat). The sperm cell lives only _____________ in the reproductive tract of female.
40 hours
28 – 48 hours
WHEN BREEDING SHOULD BE PERFORMED
If signs of heat are preparing, breeding should best be performed as follows;
CHICKEN WHEN? STANDING HEAT (for man)? BREEDING WHEN?
Morning not yet -
Afternoon (same day) yes next morning
Or
Afternoon not yet -
Morning (next day) yes same day
FEEDING
-use
HOG BREEDER
Check page 19 feeding
THE PREGNANCY PERIOD
is the long period with breeding & ending with farrowing it. Lasts 114 days or 3 months, 3 weeks & 3days.
Gestation period ( pregnancy period)
Gestation period is the long period with breeding & ending with farrowing it. Lasts _____
114 days or 3 months, 3 weeks & 3days.
Pregnancy control
Avoid stress, rough handling, fighting & other disturbances especially in the 1st 3 – 4 weeks of pregnancy. It is in this stage that conception & early development of the embryo takes place
Advantages of early pregnancy detection;
A. It makes possible to cull or re-breed non pregnant, feed wasting females
B. Allows closer grouping of a number of sows for a farrowing period
C.It gives early warning for breeding troubles such as infantile boars or cystic ovaries
D.It enables the producer to make more effective use of his breeding facilities & to plan more adequately for farrowing, nursing & finishing
PREPARATIONS FOR FARROWING
For the sow to be relaxed & to adjust to the new environment, move her from the gestating pen to the farrowing pen one week before farrowing
Preparing the sow.
Thoroughly scrub with soap & water the region of the sides, udder & under surface of the body to remove adhering parasites that may cause diarrhea.
SIGNS OF FARROWING
Nest making, nudging of hurdles, walls & flooring, biting of hurdles & guard rails
‘dog sitting’ position
Distension & enlargement of udder of the sow
Enlargement & swelling of the vulva
Small round size of sow is manure & frequent urination
Milk letdown – the sow is to farrow in 24 hours
Mucous discharge with meconium
Signs of labor
Nest making, nudging of hurdles, walls & flooring, biting of hurdles & guard rails
‘dog sitting’ position
Distension & enlargement of udder of the sow
Enlargement & swelling of the vulva
Small round size of sow is manure & frequent urination
Milk letdown – the sow is to farrow in 24 hours
Mucous discharge with meconium
Signs of labor
