1st Test Flashcards
Features of Interaction
Physical Proximity
-> Remote interaction
-> Proximate interaction
-> Deep interaction
Structure of the group
-> Individual
-> Dyad
-> Small Groups
-> Team
-> Teams
Nature of task
-> Social-oriented : the goal lies in the social interaction
-> Task-oriented: the goal lies in the task they have to perform together
Duration of Interaction
Information Exchange : the manner in which information is exchanged
Nature of interaction
-> Spontaneous : arises from the social environment
-> Forced : arises from the task
Sheridan Scale
Scale with 10 levels of autonomy
Uncanny Valley
Region of negative emotional response towards robots that seem human. Moving amplifies this negative response, which means that the slope of the valley is steeper
Anthropomorphism
The tendency to attribute human characteristics to inanimate objects
Methods for Investigating SR designs
Ethnographic studies: aims to study real users performing their tasks in their daily environment, using tools and techniques. To study the desired interaction
Focus group: group users that discuss the design, giving feedback and identifying potential problems
Wizard of Oz: wizard bts controlling the robot; used to study different interaction modes
Sketches & Storyboarding: has the function of communicating and discussing ideas.
Puppetering: actor acts out the interactions with the robot
Mockup studies & Behaviour Analysis : people act out in specific scenarios, the robots behaviour will be built upon
Low fidelity prototypes: display the functionality of the robot early in its development
Investigative Surveys: surveys that can be used to test different design condition and features
Design Patterns
The initial introduction: uses a verbal and behavioural repertoire to:
-> recognize the other
-> inquire politely about the other
-> engage in some physical acknowledgement
Didactic Communication: is the design pattern for such one-way communication of information, where each party has the interest to maintain engaged
Moving Together: aligning ones physical movement with the other
Personal Interests & History: transform didactic communication into a more substantial relational pattern
Recovering from mistakes: design pattern that creates the possibility for both parties to maintain a social affiliation following a mistake
Turn Taking: most social games include turn taking. It the design pattern that could easily set in motion claims of unfairness
Physical Intimacy
Claiming Unfair Treatment: allows one to make a claim to its moral standing
What should we have in our experiment
Reliability: yielding the same or compatible results in different experiments
Validity:
Internal validity : happens due to the manipulation
External validity: when the results are not representative, but rather valid to specific situations
Importance
Problems with Quasi-Experiment Design
does not control the variables
Does not give relevance to the effect of what was done
Between groups & Within subjects
Between groups : different group of user for each condition; each participant is submitted to only one condition
Advantages
Simple
Less chance of fatigue
Useful for when a participant cant participant in all cond.
Disadvantages
Time and participant consuming
Insensitive to our manipulation
Within subjects: each participant is submitted to each condition
Advantages
Economical
Sensitivity
Disadvantages
could carry effects from one condition to the other
Must be able to reverse the conditions -> due to the randomization
Explicit measures vs Implicit measures
Explicit measures refer to conscious impressions that people have time to reflect on
Implicit measures refer to unconscious attitudes
Likert scale is an example of an explicit measure, it constains several statements to with a user can express different levels of agreement
What should we keep in mind when doing an experiment?
Minimize noise: maintain the environment constant, and yourself
Minimize bias: the participants are eager to please you
Descriptive Statistics vs Inferential statistics
Descriptive: refers to a population and how it is distributed
Inferential : allows to infer about a population, after observing a certain phenomenon on a sample
Parameter vs Statistic
Parameter: value used to describe a population
Statistic: value used to describe a sample
What is significant
Means that probably it is not caused by chance but due to manipulation
Types of errors
Type I errors: when the sample data appears to have treatment effect, when in fact it doesnt. Happens when the sample is unrepresentative
Type II errors: when the sample data appears to not have treatment effect, when in fact it does. Happens when the manipulation effect is very small
