1st Semester Exam (McIntyre) Flashcards
Five themes of geography (mr.help)
- Movement
- region
- Human environment interaction
- Location
- Place
5 things needed for civilization
- Advanced technology
- Advanced cities
- specialized workers
- Complex institutions
- Record keeping
Latitude (runs and measures)
Runs: e&w
Measures: n&s
Longitude (runs and measures)
Run: n&s
Measures: w&e
Time
24 time zones.
United States: pacific, mt, central, eastern
Prime meridian
On imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the south pole through Greenwich, England
4 oceans
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Antarctica
7 continents
North America, South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, Europe
Neolithic revolution
People shift from food gathering to food producing
Nomad
A member of the group that has no permanent home, in search of food and water
Domestication
Taming of animals for human use
Cuneiform
Invented by Samarians. A system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols
Fertile Crescent
An ark of rich farmland between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea
Mesopotamia
Land between rivers (Tigris and Euphrates)
Polytheism
Belief in many gods
Empire
Political unit in which a number of people or countries that are controlled by a single ruler
Hammurabi
Creates a code of laws for the Babylonian empire
Restitution vs reconciliation
Restitution: an act of restoring to original condition or giving an equivalent or an injury
Reconciliation: to restore a friendship
Sumerians
One of the first groups of people that formed civilization
Silt
Rich new soil
Euphrates and Tigris
Rivers flooded once or more a year, leaving rich soil. Unpredictable And silt
Irrigation
Supply water to land or crops to help growth
Dynasty
A series of rulers from of family
City-state
A city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit
Nile
4100 mile (longest in the world) River flowing through Egypt
Delta
100 mile before end of Nile, lower Egypt, formed by deposits of silt at mouth of a river
Theocracy
Government in which the ruler is viewed as defined figure
Mummification
A process in embalming dry corpse to prevent them from decaying
Hieroglyphics
Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sound
Pyramid
Burial places for old kingdom pharaohs
Monotheistic
The belief of one God
Pharaohs
King of Egypt considered a God as well as the political and military leader
Indian subcontinent
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
Monsoon
A wind that shifts direction at certain times of each year
Harappa
Characterized by so sophisticated city planning located by the Indus River
Plumbing
In Indus valley engineers invented sophisticated plumbing
Loess
Fertile soil, looks like yellow silk from Haung He
Haung He
Yellow river
two rivers flown from Mountains west to Pacific ocean in China
Yangtze (Chang jiang) Yellow river (haung he)
Yangtze
Chang Jiang
Xia
First Chinese dynasty
Shang
Second dynasty 1700-1027 BC
Zhou (joe)
3rd dynasty 1027-256 Longest dynasty!!!!
Oracle bones
Animal bones and tortoise shell the Chinese priest had scratched questions for the gods
Mandate of heaven
Claim divine approval
Dynastic cycle
Pattern of rise, decline and replacement of dynasties
Feudalism
Political system in which lords are granted The use of land legally owned by the king
Qin
Replaces Zhou dynasty in 3rd century
Cast iron
During the Zhou dynasty, one of their innovations was blast furnaces that produced cast iron to create weapons & farm tools
Mahenjo-daro
Early Indus River civilization( also called Harrapan civilizations) that had innovative plumbing system close to the one created in the 1900s
Brahma
Creator of the universe
Vishnu
Preserves the universe
Shiva
Destroyer of the universe
Reincarnation
The process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding
Karma
The good and the bad deeds performed by a person, which is believed to determine his or her fate after rebirth
Enlightenment
A state of perfect wisdom and which one understands basic truth about the universe
Jainism
Values all life
Siddhartha Gautama
Founder of Buddhism
Vedas
Means knowledge, written to educate priest about rituals
Caste system
Division of social rank and tasks developed by Aryans during conquest
List the 5 Caste systems
Brahmins - priest Kshatriyas- warrior Vaishyas- merchants Shudras- peasants/ unskilled workers Untouchable- outcaste
Aryans
White
Dharam
Teachings
Nirvana
An awakening to the truth
Buddhism
Fonder- Buddha
Quite prayer, karma, reincarnation
Hinduism
Sacred animal- cow
Polytheistic, oldest religions, yoga
Indo-Europeans
A group of people began to migrate to the Indian subcontinent (white)
Ganesh
God of wisdom and good luck
The son of shiva
Torah
The first five books of the Hebrew bible
Covenant
A mutual promise or agreement
Moses
The man who led the Israelites out of slavery
Israel
A kingdom of the United Israelites last from about 1020 to 922 BC; now the Jewish homeland
Abraham
To be father of the Hebrew people
Monotheistic
Believing in one God
Solomon
Build the temple
Kind David
Establishes Jerusalem as the capital
Warring states period
Zhou falls: Confucius, Daoism, legalism
Varna
Skin color (Aryana’s were lighter)
8 fold path
Know the truth Say nothing to hurt others Practice meditation Control your thoughts Resist evil Free your mind from evil Work for the goods of others Respect life
Ark of the covenant
Contained the tablets of Moses law
Saul
Success in driving out the philistines from the central hills. Portrayed in the Hebrew bible as a tragic man, who was given to bouts of jealousy
Confucius
China’s most influential scholar
Daoism
Taught that people should be guided by a universal forced called the dao (the way)
Legalism
Qin shi hanugdi
Strict
Burns the analects
Great Wall of china
Shi huangdi
First emperor
Qin dynasty
Replaces the Zhou dynasty in the 3rd century
Autocracy
Government in which the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner
Bureaucracy
System of departments and agencies formed to carry out the work of government
Filial piety
Respect shown by children of their parents and elders
Yin and yang
Chinese thought, the two powers that govern the natural rhythms of life
Analects
Confucius spent the remainder of his life teaching. His students later collected his words in a book called the analects (Confucius book)
Civil service exam
To serve in the government
Great Wall of china
Created in Qin on the backs of peasants
Impacts of Greece geography
Sea-lack of resources encourage sea travel and trade
Lack of fertile land leads to small population
Mountains: polis because Greece is not unified
Dorians
Move into Greece after the Mycenaeans civilization collapses and they are dumb, can’t read and write
Homer
Blind storyteller
Acropolis
A fortified hilltop in an Ancient Greek city
Phalanx
Feared by all, formation of soldiers with Spears, shields
Oligarchy
Rule by small group of powerful merchants and artisans
Pericles and his 3 goals
- Pay politicians: to strengthen democracy
- Strength the Athens empire: make navy bigger
- Glorifying Athens
Peloponnesian war (Athens vs Sparta)
Lasting from 431 to 404 BC, in which Athens and its allies were defeated by Sparta and its allies
Polis
City-state
Aristotle
Student of Plato, uses rules of logic for argument tutors 13-year old prince Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great
Smart, the Iliad under his pillow, his focus was more about conquering and not governing
Hellenistic period
Greek blended with Egyptian, Persian, Indian
Alexandria
Egyptian city becomes center of Hellenistic civilization
Athens (characteristics, gov, citizen)
Characteristics: education, creative, Value individual, open minded
Gov: democracy
Citizens: only native-born, property-owning males are citizens
Sparta
Spartan values: duty, strength, not individuality, discipline over freedom. Also has the most powerful army in Greece
Persian war (Greece vs Persia)
The series of wars in the 5th century BC, in which Greek city states battled the Persian empire. (Athens and Sparta worked together defeating Persians realizing they were more powerful when they are one)
Mycenae
An indo-European person settled on the Greek mainland around 2000bc
Hoptiles
The foot soldiers of this army stood side by side, each holding a spear in one hand and a shield in the other
Tyranny
A nation under cruel and oppressive government
Darius
Kind of Persia, Alexander the Great defeats Persia again and forces him to flee
Xerxes
Darius the great’s son and successor , assembled an enormous invasion force to crush Athens (300 Spartans hold them for 3 days)
Pheidippides
Builds the Parthenon- a large temple to honor goddess Athena and within the temple he crafts a 30 foot statue of Athena
Guru
Teacher (yoga, spiritual)
Parthenon
A large temple to honor goddess Athena
Athena
Goddess of wisdom
Allegory of the cave
All these prisoners in a cave and sees shadows thinking they are true and man comes out and can’t see and goes and sees that there is a big world out there and comes and frees the other prisoners and they can’t see and are in pain from the light so they murder him
Monarchy
type of gov led by a king
Aristocracy
Type of gov led by nobles or aristocrats
Democracy (indirect and direct)
Indirect- people vote for representative and the representatives make decisions (republic)
Direct- people vote on every specific issue
Helots
In Sparta, peasants forced to stay on the land they worked on (basically slaves)
Archimedes
Hellenistic scientist, studied at Alexandria, invented screw, pi, and buoyancy (makes boats float)
Odysseus
Fought in the Trojan war, famous poem written by homer about his 10 year journey back from the Trojan war
Ptolemy
After Alexander’s death, he took over Egypt, declared himself pharaoh and established a dynasty
Greek theater
Drama comedy and tragedy
Plato
Taught by Socrates, wrote the republic
The republic
Book written by Plato, said to be about Socrates
Minoans
Lived in Greece, specifically Crete at very beginning
Socrates
Believed in absolute standards for truth and justice. He was a “gadfly” to the gov. He got tried when he was 70 for corrupting the cities youth and neglecting the gods. He was put to death by hemlock
Philip II
King of Macedonia, father of Alexander, took over Greece and was the first person to use phalanx
Epicureanism
Made by Epicurus: based upon 5 senses, live for the now, achieve harmony of body and mind. NO POLITICS
Stoicism
Made by zeno: live harmoniously with the will of God or the natural laws
Trojan war (Mycenaeans (Greek) vs Trojans)
A Greek army destroyed Troy because Trojan prince had kidnapped Helen Greeks give Trojans a horse…..Greek wins
Helen
Beautiful wife of the Greek king
Golden age
Strengthened democracy
Beautiful Athens
Strengthened empire
Punic wars (Rome and Carthage)
1st- over the control of Sicily lasting 23 years
2nd- Hannibal led army and elephants through the alps to the back of Rome and caused a lot of destruction until Scorpio planned to attack Carthage and Hannibal had to retreat to protect his city
3rd- Rome destroyed Carthage completely and sold the people to slavery
ROME WON ALL 3
Tribunes
Representatives elected by the plebeians that protect fairness
Plebeians
Common farmers and majority of the population in Rome
Barbarians
What Romans called anyone that was not Rome, including the Huns led by Attila
Christianity
Started when Christ died, monotheistic
Gladiators
Professional fighters who fought to the death in public
Republic
Indirect democracy
Jesus
Born in Bethlehem, taught public ministry, followed by 12 disciples, became a threat to roman leaders and was crucified
Aqueducts
Made by roman engineers to bring water into cities and town
1st Triumvirate
Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus
2nd Triumvirate
Lepidus, mark Anthony, and Octavian
Dictator
All powerful ruler when crisis arises
Pax Romana
“Roman peace” started when Octavian ruled and ended when Marcus Aurelius died
Octavian (Augustus)
Forced Lepidus to retire then mark Anthony fell in love with cleopatra and they combined armies, Octavian said mark Anthony was going to rule from Egypt and civil war broke out but Octavian won and was called Augustus meAning “the exalted one”
The colosseum
From “colossus” meaning gigantic, where gladiators fought, sports stadiums today are modeled after them
Constantine
Fighting a battle and prayed for help from Jesus, saw a cross and put it on his soldiers shields and won the battle, end of Christian persecution, next emperor theodolites made christianity the official religion of Rome
Diocletian
Emperor after Pax Romana, split Rome into eastern(Greek speaking) and western (Latin speaking) and took over eastern Rome and the western had a co ruler
Constantinople
Capital of Byzantine empire, moved by Constantine
Attila the Hun
Leader of the barbarians and huns, led attacks on Rome but lost
Patricians
Wealthy landowners who held most of the power
Julius Caesar
Controlled France, marched his armies into Rome, Pompey fled, beat pompeys army and was named dictator for life. He was very popular. Senators were worried so his bff Marcus brus and others killed him. Death ends the roman republic
Islam
Submission to the will of allah, a religion based on Allah and Quran
Jesus is a prophet
Muslim
One who has submitted. Follower of Islam
Torah
First five books of the Bible that is Jewish written law/Bible
