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1st part Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of caregiver-infant interactions??

A
  • reciprocity
  • interactional synchrony
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2
Q

what is reciprocity?

A

the interaction between 2 people whereby they respond to each other’s signals, one after the other

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3
Q

define attachment

A

a strong emotional and enduring bond that an infant has with one or more of their caregivers

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4
Q

what is reciprocity also known as??

A

turn-taking

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5
Q

how does the baby play an active role in reciprocity??

A

both mother and child initiate interactions and take turns in doing so

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6
Q

frequent interaction between a mother and infant leads to what??

A

a stronger bond

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7
Q

reciprocity resembles what??

A

a non-verbal conversation

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8
Q

give an example of reciprocity

A

peak-a-boo

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9
Q

what is interactional synchrony??

A

when infants move their bodies in tune with the rhythm of the carer’s spoken language

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10
Q

interactional synchrony causes what??

A

a sense of togetherness

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11
Q

is interactional synchrony conscious or unconscious??

A

unconscious - happens without thinking

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12
Q

give an example of interactional synchrony

A

a baby moves their head in time with the mother

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13
Q

name the 5 evaluation points for caregiver-infant interactions

A
  • melzoff and moore
  • isabella
  • behaviour isn’t universal
  • interaction may be coincidental
  • subject to observer bias
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14
Q

what did melzoff and moore that supports caregiver-infant interactions??

A

infants aged 2-3 weeks mimic adults facial expressions and hand gestures

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15
Q

how does melzoff and moore support caregiver-infant interactions??

A

supports idea that reciprocity and IS is an innate ability to aid the form of attachments (was seen in infants less than 3 days old)

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16
Q

outline the study conducted by isabella that supports caregiver-infant interactions

A

assessed degree of synchrony between 30 mothers and infants

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17
Q

what did isabella find that supports caregiver-infant interactions??

A

positive correlation between level of synchrony and quality of mother-infant attachment

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18
Q

what can we conclude from isabella’s study?? (caregiver-infant interaction)

A

shows that synchrony is important in forming attachments

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19
Q

explain the issue with caregiver-infant interactions not being universal

A

the fact that interactional synchrony isn’t found in every culture shows that it isn’t necessary for attachment formation

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20
Q

give an example of how interactional synchrony isn’t universal

A

kenyan mothers have little interaction with infants but still have a secure attachment

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21
Q

what does the fact that caregiver-infant interactional aren’t universal suggest??

A

some interactions are cultural norms

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22
Q

explain how some caregiver-infant interactions may be coincidental

A

don’t know whether interactions was deliberate as we don’t know what is taking place from the infant’s perspective

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23
Q

what can we conclude from the fact that some caregiver-infant interactions may be coincidence??

A

can’t know whether caregiver-infant interaction has any special meaning

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24
Q

explain how caregiver-infant interactions may be subject to observer bias

A

some researchers may record certain interactions more than others and interactions may be subjective

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25
Q

what can we conclude from the fact that some caregiver-infant interactions are subjective??

A

research into caregiver-infant interactions may be unreliable and lack validity

26
Q

who put forward the 4 stages of attachment??

A

schaffer

27
Q

how many stages of attachment are there??

A

4

28
Q

name the 4 stages of attachment

A
  • pre-attachment
  • indiscriminate
  • specific
  • multiple
29
Q

at what age does the pre-attachment stage occur??

A

0-3 months

30
Q

at what age does the indiscriminate stage occur??

A

3-7 months

31
Q

at what age does the specific attachment stage occur??

A

7/8 months

32
Q

at what age does the multiple attachment stage occur??

A

9 months +

33
Q

outline the pre-attachment stage

A

asocial - produce similar reactions to animate and inanimate objects

34
Q

at what age do babies begin treating humans and objects differently??

A

6 weeks

35
Q

in which stage do babies start treating humans and objects differently??

A

pre-attachment

36
Q

in the pre-attachment stage, how do babies begin establishing relationships with others??

A

through reciprocity and interactional synchrony

37
Q

outline the indiscriminate attachment stage

A

can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people, but still easily comforted by anyone and enjoy being with people

38
Q

at what stage of attachment does separation anxiety occur??

A

specific attachment

39
Q

what is separation anxiety in an infant??

A

becoming distressed when separated from a particular person

40
Q

at what stage does an infant form a primary attachment??

A

specific attachment

41
Q

at what stage does an infant develop stranger anxiety??

A

specific attachment

42
Q

outline the multiple attachment stage

A

infant begins forming secondary attachments with those they have consistent relationships with

43
Q

at what stage does an infant begin showing separation anxiety from secondary attachments??

A

multiple attachment stage

44
Q

during the multiple attachment stage, infants begin showing separation anxiety from who??

A

secondary attachments

45
Q

name the 4 evaluation points for schaffer’s stages of attachment

A
  • schaffer and emerson
  • based on flawed research
  • lack temporal validity
  • stages are ethnocentric
46
Q

outline the study conducted by emerson and schaffer that supports the stages of attachment

A

interviews 60 mothers in glasgow about their children

47
Q

what did emerson and schaffer find that supports the stages of attachment??

A
  • 29% had formed attachments with others
  • 1/3 of 1 y/o has formed secondary attachments
48
Q

how does emerson and schaffer’s study support the stages of attachment??

A

supports the order of attachment

49
Q

explain how schaffer’s 4 stages of attachment is based on flawed research

A

based on mother’s reports which may be biased

50
Q

what is social desirability in attachment??

A

may portray themselves as having a better relationship with their child than they really do

51
Q

what is the issue with schaffer’s 4 stages being based on flawed research??

A

lack internal validity

52
Q

explain how schaffer’s 4 stages lacks temporal validity

A

data collected in 1960’s - parental care has drastically changed

53
Q

how has parenting changed since the 1960’s??

A
  • more single parent families
  • more same sex parents
  • more stay at home dads
54
Q

what is the issue with schaffer’s 4 stages lacking temporal validity??

A

doesn’t represent modern day attachments

55
Q

what is ethnocentrism in attachment??

A

assumes all children grew up in the same culture - in some cultures multiple attachments may come before the primary attachment

56
Q

what is the issue with schaffer’s 4 stages being ethnocentric??

A

may limit theories of attachment

57
Q

what did emerson and schaffer believe about the role of the father??

A

less likely to be a primary attachment figure than mothers

58
Q

why did emerson and schaffer believe that fathers are less likely to be a primary attachment figure than the mother??

A

spend less time with infant

59
Q

the fact that single dads are capable of adopting maternal roles shows what??

A

men have the capacity to be the primary attachment

60
Q

how does research portray father’s as a secondary attachment??

A

generally more playful, physically active and better in challenging situations

attachment (3 decks)

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