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nursing patho > 1st mini test ch 1 & 2 > Flashcards

1st mini test ch 1 & 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Plasma membrane

A

-A double layer of lipid molecules with carbohydrates and proteins interspersed
-Selectively semipermeable; acts as a barrier
-Restricts intracellular losses
Governs intracellular entry
-Separates ICF from ECF
-Maintains the integrity of the cell and guards the contents of the cell

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2
Q

Mitochondrion

A
  • rod shaped
  • synthesized ATP
  • Process of Energy Produection= oxidative phosporplyation (Aerobic metabolism)
  • Requires Proteins, fats, and carbs to produce energy
  • where the “krebs cycle” occurs
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3
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Protein destruction
  • Spherical membrane–> bound organelles
  • Contain digestive enzymes
  • Digestive particles brought in by endocytosis, pinocytosis, or phagocytosis
  • Also digests worn out cell parts
  • In cell death → autolysis occurs, enzymes rupture from lysosome and digest whole cell
  • White blood cells have many lysosomes
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4
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and types

A
  • network of tubules that act as a transport system
  • Smooth ER: the location of lipid production, Detoxification
  • Rough ER: have attached ribosomes that synthesize proteins
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5
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • “factories” of proteins

- Where protein synthesis occurs

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6
Q

Nucleus

A
  • DNA storage
  • Houses the DNA of the cell
  • Direct all cell activities and all structural plans
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7
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • Processes proteins synthesized by the ribosomes
  • Prepares proteins for secretion
  • Protein modification and export
  • Packaging!!
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8
Q

Microtubules

A
  • Cell structures that cause cellular movements
  • Contained in cilia
  • Used in mitosis
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9
Q

Peroxisome

A

Lipid destruction, contains oxidative enzymes

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10
Q

Adaptive changes related to cell injury

A

compensatory changes in an attempt to maintain homeostasis

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11
Q

Maladaptive changes related to cell injury

A

Derangements of structure or function

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12
Q

Etiology

A

root cause of the prob

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13
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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14
Q

Biopsy

A

the removal of some piece of tissue for histological examination

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15
Q

Homeostasis

A

dynamic steady state–> A well-functioning cell can maintain homeostasis

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16
Q

Atrophy

A

Decreased cell size

17
Q

causes of atrophy

A
  • Disuse or diminished workload
  • Lack or nerve stimulation
  • Loss of hormonal stimulation
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • Decreased blood flow (ischemia)
  • Aging
18
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

19
Q

Pathologic hypertrophy

A 
Dysfunctional Process (EX: ventricular hypertrophy)
-BAD
20
Q

Physiologic hypertrophy

A
  • Doesn’t interfere with body function (EX: muscle hypertrophy)
  • GOOD
21
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in the # of cells (increase tissue mass)

  • ONLY OCCURS if cells are capable of a mitt division
  • EX: pregnancy increases demand of milk production (lactation), which causes hyperplasia of breast milk glands and tissue mass - Physiologic
22
Q

Metaplasia

A

When one type of cell is replaced by another type of cell (usually pathological)

  • EX: in esophagitis, the cells of the lower esophagus change to be able to cope with the stomach acid that constantly irritates the cells; this leads to GERD
  • Esophagus cells, which are flat epithelial cells, change to become more like columnar stomach cells
23
Q

Dysplasia

A
  • ALWAYS PATHOLOGIC
  • disordered cells
  • Cells that have lost normal architectural arrangement
  • A precancerous condition
  • A chronic stressor in the cell environment can cause dysplasia
24
Q

Neoplasia

A
  • lack of normal cell function
  • keep dividing uncontrollably; grow and grow and grow
  • lack adhesiveness to other cells
  • invasive and destructive to surrounding cells
  • Secrete inappropriate enzymes, hormones, clotting substances, tumor angiogenesis factor
  • ALL CANCER CELLS ARE NEOPLASIA, BUT NOT ALL NEOPLASIA IS CANCER
25
Q

Benign neoplasia

A

cells resemble normal cells and do not spread; tissue is well-delineated and easily removed

26
Q

Malignant neoplasia

A

cells are bizarre-looking and spread to other sites, highly invasive into tissue, and not well-delineated

27
Q

when does cell injury occur

A

Cell injury occurs when cells are exposed to a severe stress that no longer allows them to maintain homeostasis, which results in structural and functional changes

28
Q

Compare the effects of prolonged ischemia on different types of tissue.

A
  • Any tissue that sustains prolonged ischemia is susceptible to infarction, but individual cell types have different tolerance levels
  • -EX: brain tolerance level is 6 minutes
  • -EX: heart tolerance level is 20 min
  • -EX: skeletal muscle tolerance level is many ours
29
Q

Describe gangrene and its associated assessment findings.

A
  • Gangrene: ischemia, infarction, and necrosis of tissue exposed to bacteria that thrive on the decaying tissue
  • Clostridium perfringens = anaerobic bacteria; emits a gas identifiable as a foul odor associated with gangrene
30
Q

Describe the significance of endothelial cell injury.

A
  • Endothelial cells line the artery walls
  • Endothelium = blanket of cells covering the insides of all the arteries
  • Endothelial injury causes an inflammation reaction and initiates the process of atherosclerosis (disease of arteries with fatty acid build up)
31
Q

describe the consequences of endothelial cell injury

A
  • nitric oxide is diminished (vasodilation ability of artery diminishes)
  • endothelin is secreted (vasoconstriction of artery occurs)
  • Thrombogenic substances secreted (blood within the artery clots more easily)
  • Inflammation occurs with injury àwhite blood cells (WBCs) incorporate lipids àfoam cellsàfatty streakànew atherosclerotic plaque
32
Q

Define apoptosis and list examples of its dysfunction

A
  • PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH
  • EX: MENOPAUSE
  • Dysfunction
  • Failure to undergo apoptosis can give rise to certain cancer tumors, and detrimental hyper plastic cell changes
  • -EX: prostate cancer is theorized to arise from cells that lose their apoptotic function
  • Some disorders are associated with increased cellular apoptosis, which results in excessive cell death rates.
  • Example: Spinal muscular atrophy- cells undergo increased apoptotic rates and die prematurely
33
Q

Cilia

A

Extensions of the plasma membrane with coordinated whiplike motion

nursing patho (4 decks)

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