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physiology > 1st half of yr 1 General physiology questions > Flashcards

1st half of yr 1 General physiology questions Flashcards

1
Q

How much fluid can the colon absorb in one day?

A

7000ml

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2
Q

In a healthy individual, how much fluid or the ~9000 ml that enters the small bowel, is left to expel from the GI system?

A

100ml

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3
Q

In which part of the GI system is most vitamin B12 absorbed?

A

Ileum

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4
Q

Which of these cells types of the small bowel contain eosinophilic secretory granules?

A

Paneth cells

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5
Q

What type of cells, found on Peyer’s patches, rapidly transport luminal macromolecules by transcytosis as part of mucosal immunity?

A

M Cells

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6
Q

In secretory diarrhoea, how does the electrolyte absorption compare to that of a healthy state?

A

Lower than normal

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7
Q

At rest, what is the total pulmonary capillary volume of the average healthy adult?

A

100ml

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8
Q

Which law describes why is there such rapid gas exchange over the pulmonary gas-blood barriers?

A

Fick’s first law

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9
Q

What effect describes the process of blood flow into the compliant pulmonary veins after a less compliant constriction?

A

The waterfall effect

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10
Q

Blood flow at the lung bases is determined by what?

A

Arterial-venous pressure difference

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11
Q

Which region of the lung has the highest VA/Q̇?

A

The lung apex

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12
Q

What effect on alveolar O2 concentration does a low VA/Q̇ have?

A

O2 in alveolus is depleted until a new, low steady state PAO2 is reached

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13
Q

In healthy subjects, what proportion of FVC does FEV represent?

A

~80%

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14
Q

How does restrictive airway illness effect FEV1 and FVC?

A

Both FEV1 and FVC reduced.

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15
Q

Mr. T. Murmur has asthma. How does this affect his FEV1 and FVC compared to a healthy individual?

A

FEV1 reduced markedly more so than FVC.

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16
Q

Most of the bronchial tree exhibits what kind of pulmonary airflow?

A

Transitional

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17
Q

Which method, when paired with the Bohr equation, can be used to measure the physiological dead space?

A

Sample of arterial blood taken to compare arterial CO2 to CO2 in inspired air.

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18
Q

What do chief (peptic) cells in the body of the stomach secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

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19
Q

What does pesinogen mix with to form pepsin?

A

Hydrochloric acid

20
Q
  1. Which cells secrete somatostatin?
A

Endocrine D cells in the antrum of the stomach.

21
Q

What does somatostatin do in the stomach?

A

In the gastrointestinal tract, the hormone reduces gastric secretion and the emission of gastrointestinal hormones, such as secretin and gastrin.

22
Q

What bind to receptors on parietal cells as part of hydrochloric acid production?

A
  • Histamine
  • Gastrin
  • Acetylcholine
23
Q

What is the function of pepsinogen?

A

activates into pepsin which Initiates the hydrolysis of protein in the stomach.

24
Q

What is the optimal pH for the transition from pepsinogen to pepsin to occur?

A

PH 1.8-3.5

25
Q

As part of the cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion, what nerve is stimulated by the smell, sight, or taste of food?

A

Vegus nerve

26
Q

What stimulates enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells to release histamine?

A

Acetylcholine

27
Q

Low gastric pH stimulates the release of what?

A

Somatostatin

28
Q

What term describes how gastric epithelial cells bordering injury are able to migrate to restore the damaged region?

A

b. Restitution

29
Q

What inhibits the transition from archadonic acid to prostaglandin?

A

NSAIDS

30
Q

What isoform of cyclooxygenase is inducible by inflammatory stimuli?

A

COX2

31
Q

In what condition is gastric acid secretion less than normal?

A

Perniscious anaemia

32
Q

What acts as a beneficial physiological barrier to acid reflux damage?

A

Neutralisation by salivary/oesophageal HCO3

33
Q

What volume of extra-cellular fluid exists in a healthy, lean person of 70kg?

A

~14L

34
Q

What proportion of a healthy, lean, 70 kg person’s body weight does their total body fluid account for?

A

60%

35
Q

Osmoreceptors within the hypothalamus directly stimulate which of the following as part of regulation of body fluid compartments?

A

ADH

36
Q

Indiana Jones is an archaeologist. He has been working hard all morning in the Sahara Desert uncovering ancient African artefacts. Which of the following fluid shifts is he most likely to have experienced?

A

Hyperosmotic contraction

37
Q

Mrs. S. Welling has injured her ankle and presents with oedema of the right ankle. Which of the following fluid shifts has Mrs. Welling experienced?

A

Isoosmotic expansion

38
Q

Which law describes the relationship between decreased blood volume and decreased cardiac output?

A

Frank-Starling Relationship

39
Q

Approximately what degree of blood loss will have virtually no effect on a patient’s cardiac output?

A

~10% blood loss

40
Q

Following a loss of 20% of the body’s blood, what response will act in a matter of seconds?

A

Action of arterial baroreceptors achieves peripheral vasoconstriction.

41
Q

Which part of the nephron absorbs ~66% of the filtered H2O and solutes?

A

Proximal Tubule

42
Q

Which part of the nephron absorbs ~20% of filtered NaCl?

A

Loop of Henle

43
Q

Which part of the loop of Henle aborbs NaCl without water, via the Single Effect?

A

thick ascending loop

44
Q

The renal blood flow accounts for what proportion of the total cardiac output?

A

~25%

45
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate of a healthy adult?

A

~100 ml/min

46
Q

What is not freely filtered through the ultrafiltration barrier of the renal corpuscule?

A

Haemoglobin

47
Q

Which layer of the ultrafiltration barrier of the renal corpuscule prevents the filtration of large proteins?

A

Basement membrane

physiology (3 decks)

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