1st Exam (MC & FRQ)

Question 1

define symbols

Answer 1

• a mental construct created by people for identification purposes
• can be representational or abstract

Question 2

what is an example of representational and abstract symbol?

Answer 2

• representational: a cat

- abstract: language

Question 3

what type of learning to symbols mostly aid in? give examples

Answer 3

• cultural learning

- i.e. stereotypes and racism

Question 4

define culture

Answer 4

• A system of shared ideas, concepts, rules and meanings
• they underlie and are expressed in the ways that humans live
• its a human construct

Question 5

define core values

Answer 5

-characteristics used in a culture as guidelines that define that given
culture

Question 6

what are ways people learn culture?

Answer 6

• active learning
• absorbed learning
• natural behavior

Question 7

define active learning

Answer 7

-individual can repeat rules and how they learned

Question 8

define absorbed learning

Answer 8

-you learn the rules by observation and mimicry

Question 9

define natural behavior learning

Answer 9

-these aren’t taught, they seem like instinct

Question 10

how do most cultures react to change?

Answer 10

-they often resist change

Question 11

how do government interfere with culture change?

Answer 11

• they often try to prevent it

- they enact laws for preservation and protection

Question 12

example of active learning

Answer 12

-parent teaches child to say ‘thank you’ and ‘please’

Question 13

example of absorbed learning

Answer 13

-other cultures kiss as a greeting and as you observe this, you apply it to your own greetings

Question 14

define cultral diffusion

Answer 14

-the borrowing of traits between cultures

Question 15

example of cultural diffusion

Answer 15

• americans eating sushi

- japanese people eating hamburgers

Question 16

define direct diffusion

Answer 16

-the exchange of cultural material through continued direct contact

Question 17

example of direct diffusion

Answer 17

• trade
• marriage
• war

Question 18

define indirect diffusion

Answer 18

-cultural exchange where different parties involved never come into direct contact with each other

Question 19

where is race derived from?

Answer 19

• contrasts perceived
• genetics
• imagined
• self-identity

Question 20

define ethnicity

Answer 20

-the identification with a particular group and exclusion

from certain other groups because of that affiliation

Question 21

define ethnic groups

Answer 21

-the sharing of certain qualities because of their common

background

Question 22

define status

Answer 22

-encompasses various positions an individual holds in a given society

Question 23

define status ascribed

Answer 23

• a position in a social system that is beyond an individual’s control
• i.e. age, sex, race, color of skin, physical features

Question 24

define status achieved

Answer 24

-comes from choices made such as actions and efforts

Question 25

define status shifting

Answer 25

- identifying with one in one situation, then different one in another - status not restricted to one aspect of group or individual

Question 26

define ideas and realities

Answer 26

the difference between how we think we should act, and how we actually act

Question 27

define sub-cultures

Answer 27

-defined by different traditions and symbol-based patterns associated with particular groups within an overarching group or society

Question 28

define ethnocentrism

Answer 28

-the tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to apply one’s own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures

Question 29

define nativism

Answer 29

-the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants

Question 30

define xenophobia

Answer 30

-having or showing a dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries

Question 31

define relativism

Answer 31

-behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture

Question 32

define hypodescent

Answer 32

- "lower" - automatically places identity of the children of mixed marriage on the side of the parent that belongs to a group perceived as inferior by another group

Question 33

define cultural appropriation

Answer 33

-when somebody/group adopts aspects of a culture that's not their own

Question 34

define two-spirit native americans

Answer 34

- called berdaches - native americans who could be classified neither as men or women - occupying a third gender role