1st Exam (MC & FRQ) Flashcards
define symbols
- a mental construct created by people for identification purposes
- can be representational or abstract
what is an example of representational and abstract symbol?
- representational: a cat
- abstract: language
what type of learning to symbols mostly aid in? give examples
- cultural learning
- i.e. stereotypes and racism
define culture
- A system of shared ideas, concepts, rules and meanings
- they underlie and are expressed in the ways that humans live
- its a human construct
define core values
-characteristics used in a culture as guidelines that define that given
culture
what are ways people learn culture?
- active learning
- absorbed learning
- natural behavior
define active learning
-individual can repeat rules and how they learned
define absorbed learning
-you learn the rules by observation and mimicry
define natural behavior learning
-these aren’t taught, they seem like instinct
how do most cultures react to change?
-they often resist change
how do government interfere with culture change?
- they often try to prevent it
- they enact laws for preservation and protection
example of active learning
-parent teaches child to say ‘thank you’ and ‘please’
example of absorbed learning
-other cultures kiss as a greeting and as you observe this, you apply it to your own greetings
define cultral diffusion
-the borrowing of traits between cultures
example of cultural diffusion
- americans eating sushi
- japanese people eating hamburgers
define direct diffusion
-the exchange of cultural material through continued direct contact
example of direct diffusion
- trade
- marriage
- war
define indirect diffusion
-cultural exchange where different parties involved never come into direct contact with each other
where is race derived from?
- contrasts perceived
- genetics
- imagined
- self-identity
define ethnicity
-the identification with a particular group and exclusion
from certain other groups because of that affiliation
define ethnic groups
-the sharing of certain qualities because of their common
background
define status
-encompasses various positions an individual holds in a given society
define status ascribed
- a position in a social system that is beyond an individual’s control
- i.e. age, sex, race, color of skin, physical features
define status achieved
-comes from choices made such as actions and efforts
define status shifting
- identifying with one in one situation, then different one in another
- status not restricted to one aspect of group or individual
define ideas and realities
the difference between how we think we should act, and how we actually act
define sub-cultures
-defined by different traditions and symbol-based patterns associated with particular groups within an overarching group or society
define ethnocentrism
-the tendency to view one’s own culture as superior and to apply one’s own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures
define nativism
-the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants
define xenophobia
-having or showing a dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries
define relativism
-behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of
another culture
define hypodescent
- “lower”
- automatically places identity of the children of mixed marriage on the side of the parent that belongs to a group perceived as inferior by another group
define cultural appropriation
-when somebody/group adopts aspects of a culture that’s not their own
define two-spirit native americans
- called berdaches
- native americans who could be classified neither as men or women
- occupying a third gender role
