1st Aid /CPR Flashcards
Blood Borne Pathogens
May be spread when the blood or other body fluids of one person comes in contact with an OPEN WOUND or sore of another.
Airborne Pathagens
Spread by tiny droplets sprayed during breathing, coughing or sneezing. Airborne Pathogens can be absorbed through the eyes or when contaminated particles are inhaled.
Chain of Pathogen Transmission
Being present
Entry site
Quantity
Susceptibility
Exposure does not necessarily mean an individual will contract the illness.
PPE Eye Protection
Should provide protection from the front and the sides
Must be cleaned and sanitized after exposure or disposed of properly
PPE Ventilation Devices
Contain valves to control direction of airflow and filters to prevent contamination when performing CPR.
Universal Percautions
TREAT ALL FLUIDS AS IF THEY ARE CONTAMINATED!
If possible, wash hands thoroughly with warm water and antiseptic soap before and after each exposure, even when gloves are worn.
Disinfecting Equipment
A solution of 1 part bleach and 10 parts water can be used, except on leather.
Documentation to exposure
If a police officer is exposed to an infectious pathogen, or even expect exposure, no matter how slight, that officer should report the exposure verbally and in writing as soon as possible.
Immunity from liability
Emergency Rescue Personnel qualify for immunity from liability when they act:
Within the scope of their employment
In good faith
Scope of their training and specific agency policy
Responsibility to Act
As trained professionals, peace officers have a responsibility to:
- Assess emergency situations
- Initiate appropriate EMS within the scope of the officer’ straining and specific agency policy.
- An officer is not required to render care when reasonable danger exists.
Negligence
Attempt to provide care beyond their scope
Act in a grossly negligent manner
Failure to provided care when they have had the training due to prejudices.
Consent to Treat
Permission must be obtained from:
Injured or ill person who is:
- Conscious and oriented
- Mentally competent enough to make rational decisions regarding their well being
- 18 years or older or an emancipated minor
Refusal of Care
A conscious and competent adult has the right to refuse and emergency medical services offered by EMS.
Implied consent
An unconscious or confused victim would consent to receiving care if they were able to.
When a person is:
- Unconscious
- Unable of giving consent due to a developmental, emotional or mental disability
- In an altered state due to drugs, alcohol, head injury, etc.
- A juvenile, and the parent or guardian is not present
Responsiveness: Not Responsive
Activate the EMS system
Check the Victim’s ABC’s
Responsiveness: Responsive
Control any Major Bleeding
Treat for Shock
Activate the EMS system if necessary
Moving a victim
Only when there is Imminent Danger
Clinical Death
Breathing and Circulation has stopped.
Can be reversable
Shoulder Drag
Can be preformed in the supine or prone (face down)
- Grasp the victim under the armpits
- Stabilize the head and neck to reduce risk of injury
- Carefully lift the victim keeping the head and shoulders close to the ground
- Drag the victim so that the head, torso & legs remain in a straight line
- DO NOT pull sideways
Biological Death
Brain cells die due to the lack of oxygen.
Irreversible changes begin to take place.
Vital organs begin to deteriorate.
Head-Tilt / Chin-Lift
Do not use if there are ANY indications of possible head, neck or spinal cord injury.
Jaw-Thrust
Use when head, neck or spinal injury is suspected.
Direct Pressure
Most common method to control bleeding.
Blind Finger Sweep
Do not use.
Objects should be removed from the mouth only if the objects can be seen clearly.
Abrasion
A scraping away of only the outer portion of the skin
Pressure Points
Brachial & Femoral Artery
Incision
Smooth straight cut
Laceration
Jagged-edged wound caused by tearing or ripping
Puncture
Deep wound through the skin and other tissue
Avulsion
A part or structure of the body that has been torn or cut away.
Amputation
Surgical or Traumatic removal of a body extremity.
Impelled Objects - Care For
DO NOT attempt to remove the object.
Control Bleeding by applying pressure on both sides of the object.
Do Not put pressure on the object itself.
Avulsions/Amputations - Care For
Place partially separated skin or tissue back into the original position before applying dressing or bandage.
Attempt to locate any avulsed part or amputated extremity.
Keep separate part/extremity dry, cool & protected.
DO NOT immerse, pack on ice or freeze.
Treating Shock
Control all external bleeding & treat other injuries.
Place the victim in appropriate position.
Be alert for vomiting.
Maintain the victim’s body temperature but avoid overheating.
Place the victim in a position to help maintain blood flow.
Reassure victim.
Continue to monitor the victim’s ABC’s.
Shock
A life threatening condition caused by inadequate tissue perfusion.
All victims of traumatic or medical emergencies should be provided care for shock from the time of initial contact.
Spinal or Head injury positioning
DO NOT elevate legs
Immobilize the victim and leave in the position in which found.
Difficulty Breathing positioning
Place the victim in a semi-sitting position
A position of comfort
Stroke positioning
Elevate the victim’s Head & Shoulders
Lower Limb Fracture(s) positioning
DO NOT elevate legs.
A position of comfort
Non spinal or lower leg injuries positioning
Place the victim in the supine position.
Elevate legs approximately 6-12 inches.
Treatment: Head Injuries
Activate the EMS system Control Bleeding Bandage the head loosley if needed. DO NOT apply direct pressure to any head/skull deformity Treat for shock DO NOT elevate the victim's legs Monitor ABC's
1st Aid Measure: Head Injuries
Determine LOC
Conduct an initial and focused survey
If unable to establish an airway using the jaw-thrust technique after 2 or 3 attempts, the head-tilt/chin-lift method may be used.
1st Aid Measure: Impaled Objects in the Head Region
Do not attempt to remove the object if there is NO airway obstruction.
If the object is obstructing the victim’s airway, carefully pull the object out from the same direction it entered.
1st Aid Measure: Closed Chest Wound
Activate the EMS system
Place the victim in a recovery position, if appropriate on the injured side OR
Supine position with a soft object over the injured area.
Treat for Shock
Monitor the ABC’s
1st Aid Measure: Nosebleeds
Assume a seated position.
Lean slightly forward.
Pinch the nose midway at the point where the bone and cartilage meet.
DO NOT pack the nostrils.
1st Aid Measure: Open Chest Wound
Place an Occlusive Dressing as quick as possible.
1st Aid Measure: Closed Abdominal Wound
Activate the EMS system
If no spinal injury suspected, place the victim in a comfortable position-supine with knees bent.
Treat for shock
Monitor the ABC’s
1st Aid Measure: Exposed Organs
Activate the EMS System
If no spinal injury suspected, place the victim in a comfortable position-supine with knees bent.
Cover with moist sterile dressing, if available.
Treat for shock
Monitor the ABC’s
1st Aid Measure: Penetrating Object
Activate the EMS System
If no spinal injury suspected, place the victim in a comfortable position - supine with knees bent.
Apply sterile dressing over the wound to control bleeding
Treat for shock
Monitor the ABC’s
1st Aid Measure: Bone, Muscle & Joint injury
Activate the EMS system
DO NOT attempt to manipulate or straighten out an injury
Expose the injury by removing clothing over the area
Control any bleeding.
Stabilize the injury by immobilizing the bones above and below the joint.
Check capillary refill and warmth of affected limb.
Treat for shock
DO NOT elevate legs if injury is to the lower extremities.
1st Aid Measure: Chemical Burns
Activate EMS Apply PPE - Gloves and Eye wear Dry Powder - Brush away as much as possible Remove excess chemical, exposed clothing, or jewelry prior to flushing Flush with water Cover with Dry Sterile dressing Treat for shock Monitor ABC's
1st Aid Measure: Thermal Burns
Activate EMS system Remove victim from source of heat Stop the burning process by cooling burned area with cool water Apply a dry sterile bandage loosely Treat for shock Monitor ABC's
1st Aid Measure: Electrical Burns
Ensure that the scene is safe
Do not touch he victim’s body until the source of the current has been turned off.
Treat all wounds, entry & exit like a thermal burn
Treat for Shock
Monitor ABC’s
1st Aid Measure: Radiation Burns
Activate EMS System
Evacuate the area of Exposure
Remove all exposed clothing and seal in a plastic bag if available.
If available, wash body and hair thoroughly with soap & water.
Treat for shock
Monitor ABC’s
1st Aid Measure: Cardiac Emergencies
Place the victim in a comfortable position
Keep the victim calm and still
Treat for Shock
Maintain victim’s body temperature
Monitor ABC’s
Assist the victim with medication if they have any.
1st Aid Measure: Breathing
Place victim in a position of comfort
If unconscious, place in the recovery position, if appropriate
Keep victim calm and still
Allow the victim to take Rx medication (inhaler)
Loosen any restrictive clothing
Treat for Shock
Monitor ABC’s
Prepare to deliver rescue breathing if necessary
1st Aid Measure: Seizure
Do not restrain the victim Move objects out of the way cushion the person's head Keep involved people away NEVER put any object in the mouth
1st Aid Measure: Stroke
Activate EMS
If CONSCIOUS, elevate head and shoulders slightly
If UNCONSCIOUS, & appropriate, place in a recovery position on affected side.
Monitor ABC’s
Maintain an open airway
Treat for shock
DO NOT give the victim anything by mouth
Diabetic Shock
Can come on sudden
May appear intoxicated
Rapid Pulse
Nausea or Vomiting
Diabetic Coma
Labored Breathing Breath has fruity smell Decreased LOC Weak rapid pulse Abdominal Pain
1st Aid Measure: Diabetic Emergency
If UNCONSCIOUS place in a position of comfort & DO NOT give anything by mouth
If CONSCIOUS place in position of comfort & give oral glucose
Reassure Victim
Monitor ABC’s
Treat for Shock
1st Aid Measure: Poisoning
If necessary, remove victim form the source
IF UNCONSCIOUS, place in recovery position if appropriate.
Contact Poison Control Center for treatment advice
1st Aid Measure: Absorption Poision
Flood affected areas with water
Wash affected areas with soap & Water
Take precautions to prevent Shock
Monitor ABC’s
1st Aid Measure: Mild Hypothermia
Move victim to a warm environment
Remove any wet clothing and replace with dry
Re-warm victim slowly
Provide care to prevent Shock
Monitor ABC’s
If victim can swallow easily, give warm liquids
DO NOT give alcohol or caffeinated beverages
Keep victim moving.
1st Aid Measure: Severe Hypothermia
Determine victim’s LOC
Conduct initial and focused surveys
If victim has a pulse but is not breathing, begin rescue breathing
If victim has no pulse & is not breathing, begin CPR
Frostnip
Superficial freezing of skin’s outer layer
1st Aid Measure: Frostnip
Remove victim from source of cold.
Remove/loosen any clothing that may restrict circulation to the area
Frostbite
Freezing of tissue below the skin’s surface.
Skin feels stiff to the touch
1st Aid Measure: Frostbite
Immobilize & protect the area.
Wrap area in dry, loose bandage.
Wrap each digit separately.
Allow area to rewarm slowly.
Heat Cramps
Painful muscle spasms usually in the legs or abdomen.
Lightheadedness.
Weakness
1st Aid Measure: Heat Cramps & Exhaustion
Remove victim from the source of heat. Have the victim rest. Massage cramped muscles. Provide water in small amounts. DO NOT give alcohol or caffeine
Heat Exhaustion Signs & Symptoms
Profuse Sweating Dizziness Headache Pale, clammy skin Rapid Pulse Weakness Nausea & vomiting
Heat Stroke Signs & Symptoms
Red, Hot, Dry Skin Rapid, irregular pulse Shallow Breathing Confusion Weakness Possible seizures &/or unconciousness
1st Aid Measure: Heat Stroke
Activate EMS
Monitor ABC’s
Remove victim from source of heat
Loosen or remove victim’s clothing
Cool victim’s body as rapidly as possible by:
-Dousing person with cool water
-Wrapping the person in a wet sheet or blanket
-Placing an ice pack wrapped in a towel on the person’s neck, groin or armpits
Provide care to treat for shock
1st Aid Measure: Insect Stings & Bites
Remove stinger by scraping with firm object (DO NOT attempt to pull out with tweezers).
Wash area with soap & water
Apply ice to reduce swelling and slow the rate of toxin absorbtion
1st Aid Measure: Allergic Reaction
Assist victim in taking prescribed epinephrine
Activate the EMS system
Monitor ABC’s
Take precautions to prevent shock
Be prepared to use rescue breathing or CPR if necessary
1st Aid Measure: Marine Life Stings
Wash area with soap 7 Water
Apply Heat (NOT Cold) to deactivate venom enzymes
Apply dressing to puncture wounds if necessary
Monitor ABC’s
If an allergic reaction is suspected:
-Assist victim in taking Rx epinephrine, if they have it.
-Activate the EMS system
-Monitor ABC’s
Take precautions to prevent shock
1st Aid Measure: Spider Bites
Wash site with soap & water Apply ice to reduce swelling and slow the rate of venom absorption Monitor victim's ABC's Have victim seek medical treatment Treat for shock
1st Aid Measure: Snake Bites
Keep the victim calm & quiet
Place the affected area in a neutral position
Immobilize the affected area
DO NOT attempt to suck venom from the bite
DO NOT cut the area
Take measures to prevent shock
Seek medical attention
1st Aid Measure: Animal & Human Bites
Control bleeding if necessary Wash site with soap & water Take measures to prevent shock Monitor victim's ABC's Seek medical attention
Childbirth - Safe Transport (1st Stage of Labor)
Not straining
Contractions >5 min. apart
No signs of crowning
Childbirth - Imminent Delivery
Contractions < 2 min. apart ( < 5 min. if 2nd or subsequent birth)
If woman feels an urgent need to bear down
Crowning is present
The amniotic sac has ruptured
Childbirth - Excessive bleeding prior to Delivery
Take appropriate measures to prevent shock
Absorb blood with towels or pads, apply more if necessary
Arrange for immediate transfer to a medical facility
Childbirth - Immediate Transportation
Limb Presentation Breech Presentation Cord Presentation Delayed Delivery Transport mother in the knee to chest position
Childbirth-Newborn Fails to Breathe
Rub the infant’s back
Tapping the infant’s feet
Open the infant’s airway
Look Listen & feel & give 2 puffs if not breathing
Check for brachial pulse, if none start CPR
Penetrating Puncture Wound
Has only an entrance wound and can be shallow or deep.
Perforating Puncture Wound
Has an entrance wound and an exit wound.
