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Academic test > 1st Academic test – METAR, TAF, Pitot Static System and Flight Theory > Flashcards

1st Academic test – METAR, TAF, Pitot Static System and Flight Theory Flashcards

1
Q

The METAR is a report that is issued:

A

hourly

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2
Q

What kind of report is made anytime there is a significant change in weather (other than hourly) at the observation station?

A

SPECI

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3
Q

How many letters will be used to show the station identifier on a METAR?

A

4

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4
Q

How are temperature and dew point reported in degrees on the METAR?

A

Celcius

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5
Q

The wind direction is given in degrees from ______ north and wind speed is always in ______.

A

true

knots

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6
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

DEFINITION

A

The force exerted by the weight of a column of air

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7
Q

What is the standard sea level pressure in inches of mercury?

A

29.92

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8
Q

What is the standard sea level temperature in degrees Celcius?

A

15 degrees Celcius

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9
Q

What is the standard temperature lapse rate with altitude?

A

2 degrees Celcius per 1000 ft

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10
Q

A change in 1 inch of mercury is equal to approximately _____ feet of altitude

A

1000

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11
Q

Impact Pressure

DEFINITION

A

Dynamic Pressure + Static Pressure

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12
Q

Define Static Pressure

DEFINITION

A

Ambient Pressure

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13
Q

Which instruments depend on static pressure only?

A

VSI and altimeter

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14
Q

Which instrument depends on both impact and static pressure?

A

Airspeed indicator

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15
Q

What pressure affect the pitot static system?

A

Dynamic Pressure and Static Pressure

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16
Q

IAS (Indicated Airspeed)

DEFINITION

A

Read from the dial om the face of the instrument

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17
Q

CAS (Calibrated Airspeed)

DEFINITION

A

IAS corrected for instrument and position error

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18
Q

TAS (True Airspeed)

A

CAS corrected fir density error

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19
Q

Name and explain the three errors in the airspeed indicator:

A

Installation error: Misalignment of the Pitot tube with the relative wind and position of the static vents

Density error: Caused by pressure and temperature changes, air less dense as altitude increases

Instrument error: Caused by friction in the instrument

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20
Q

Is the vertical speed indicator (VSI) a pressure differential measuring instrument?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What does the setting knob on the altimeter change when it is turned?

A

Kollsman setting and position of the needles

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22
Q

Indicated Altitude

DEFINITION

A

Altimeter indication

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23
Q

True Altitude

A

Altitude above MSL

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24
Q

Pressure Altitude

A

Altitude above the standard datum plane (29.92”)

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25
Q

Absolute Altitude

A

Altitude above the terrain

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26
Q

Altimeter setting

DEFINITION

A

Standard pressure corrected to MSL

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27
Q

What is the maximum allowable error in the altimeter?

A

Plus/minus 75’ (in academics – 70’ at the flight line)

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28
Q

When flying into an area of lower pressure without resetting the altimeter, would your true altitude be higher or lower than your indicated?

A

Lower

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29
Q

When flying into an area of higher pressure without resetting the altimeter, would your altimeter indicate higher or lower than your true altitude?

A

Lower

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30
Q

If you depart a base with an altimeter setting of 29.82 and an hour later receive a new altimeter setting of 30.22, how much higher or lower than true altitude would the altimeter indicate prior to adjusting the altimeter to the new setting?

A

400’ lower than true altitude

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31
Q

At the last reporting point, you corrected the altimeter by setting the Kollsman scale on 29.92” Hg. Prior to landing, you received a new setting of 29.80. What is your true altitude in relation to indicated altitude (before you reset the altimeter)?

A

120’ lower than indicated altitude

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32
Q

When flying into an area of colder than standard temperature, would the indicated altitude be more or less than the true altitude.

A

More

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33
Q

The ________________ (instrument) stops functioning properly due to pitot icing.

A

Airspeed indicator

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34
Q

What is the recommended corrective action when the static system is clogged?

A

Switch to alternate static air

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35
Q

High DA and low air density mean nearly the same thing? (TRUE/FALSE)

A

True

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36
Q

What causes density error?

A

Nonstandard pressure and temperature

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37
Q

Which of Newtons law is involved?

  1. Torque effect?
  2. More power is needed to obtain a desired RPM than is need to maintain the RPM?
  3. Greater load, less acceleration
A
  1. Action/reaction
  2. Inertia
  3. Acceleration
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38
Q

If the airflow atop the airfoil increased, static pressure ________ and dynamic pressure _________.

A

decreases

increases

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39
Q

Center of Pressure

DEFINITION

A

The point along the chord line of an airfoil through which all aerodynamic forces are considered to act

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40
Q

Definition of Airfoil

DEFINITION

A

Any surface designed to produce lift when air is passed over it

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41
Q

Two basic types of airfoil:

A

Symmetrical and unsymmetrical

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42
Q

Straight line from the leading to the trailing edge

A

Chord

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43
Q

The length of the rotor blade from the point of rotation to the tip of the blade

A

Span (blade span)

44
Q

Rotational relative wind

DEFINITION

A

The flow of air parallel and opposite to the flight path of an airfoil

45
Q

Induced flow

DEFINITION

A

Downward flow of air through the rotor blades

46
Q

Resultant relative wind

DEFINITION

A

Rotational relative wind modified by induced flow

47
Q

How is the angle of incidence measured in a rotary-wing aircraft?

A

The angle between the chord of an airfoil and the plane of rotation (tip path plane)

48
Q

Define angle of attack

A

The angle between the chord of an airfoil and the resultant relative wind

49
Q

Which flight control changes the angle of incidence differentially around the rotor system?

A

Cyclic pitch control

50
Q

With an increase in the speed of air over a surface, what happens to dynamic and static pressure?

A

Dynamic Pressure increases

Static Pressure decreases

51
Q

The two components of Total Aerodynamic Force (TAF)

A

Lift and Drag

52
Q

Describe the relationship of lift to the resultant relative wind:

A

Perpendicular

53
Q

Describe the relationship between drag and resultant relative wind:

A

Parallel to and in the same direction of the resultant relative wind

54
Q

The 4 types of drag?

A

Induced drag

Parasite drag

Profile drag

Total drag

55
Q

Which type of drag decreases with an increase in airspeed?

A

Induced drag

56
Q

Which type of drag increases with an increase in airspeed?

A

Parasite drag

57
Q

Dissymmetry of Lift

DEFINITION

A

Unequal lift between advancing and retreating halves of the rotor disk

58
Q

Relative wind velocity on the advancing blade equals blade speed ______ airspeed

A

plus

59
Q

Relative wind velocity on the retreating blade equals blade speed ______ airspeed

A

minus

60
Q

What causes the advancing blade to flap up?

A

An increase in lift

61
Q

What causes the advancing blade to flap down?

A

A decrease in lift

62
Q

How does the pilot control dissymmetry of lift?

A

Cyclic feathering

63
Q

Define blowback

DEFINITION

A

Change in the attitude of the rotor system

64
Q

How does the pilot correct for blowback?

A

Cyclic feathering

65
Q

Which forces in the lift equation can the pilot control?

A

The coefficient of lift and the airspeed

66
Q

What are the three factors in air density (1/2 rho) that will affect in lift?

A

Temperature

Humidity

Pressure

67
Q

A semi-rigid disk tilts relative to the:

A

mast

68
Q

An articulated disk tilts relative to the:

A

hub

69
Q

Define Centrifugal Force

DEFINITION

A

Outward forced produced whenever a body moves in a curved path

70
Q

Define rotor blade coning

DEFINITION

A

Upward flexing of the rotor blades

71
Q

Rotor blade coning is a compromise between which two forces?

A

Lift and Centrifugal Force

72
Q

Define gyroscopic precession

DEFINITION

A

When a force is applied to a rotating body, it will manifest 90 degrees after application in the direction of rotation

73
Q

Why is blade twisting necessary?

A

To distribute the lift evenly along the blade

74
Q

A pedal turn on the right requires ______ power than a pedal turn to the left?

A

less

75
Q

Define Translating Tendency

DEFINITION

A

Tendency of a single rotor helicopter to drift right while hovering

76
Q

List four methods used to overcome translating tendency in a single rotor helicopter:

A
  1. Rigging the cyclic
  2. Tilting the mast
  3. Left cyclic
  4. Automatic flight control/stabilization augmentation system
77
Q

List the four rotor blade actions:

A
  1. Rotation
  2. Flapping
  3. Hunting
  4. Feathering
78
Q

Describe the relationship of total force to the tip path plane:

A

Perpendicular

79
Q

When the rotor disk is tilted, what are the two components of total force?

A

Lift and Thrust

80
Q

What are the two flight conditions?

A

Balanced and unbalanced

81
Q

At what altitude would the aircraft be in ground effect?

A

Less than one rotor diameter

82
Q

Loss, or apparent loss, of ground effect is caused by?

A

An altitude greater than one rotor diameter

Trees and bushes

Tall grass and uneven terrain

Hovering over water

Beginning of translational movement

Hovering into a wind

83
Q

Effective Translational Lift

DEFINITION

A

When the rotor completely outruns the recirculation of old vortices and begins to work in relatively undisturbed air

84
Q

ETL occurs at an airspeed of:

A

16-24 knots

85
Q

TFE occurs at an airspeed of:

A

10-20 knots

86
Q

Settling with power

DEFINITION

A

A condition of powered flight in which the helicopter settles in its own downwash

87
Q

List the three simultaneous conditions required for settling with power:

A
  1. Vertical or near vertical descent of at least 300 FPM
  2. 20% to 100% engine power
  3. Slow airspeed less than ETL
88
Q

List the required recovery procedures for settling with power:

A

a. Increase airspeed with cyclic
b. Reduce collective as altitude permits
c. Adjust rotor RPM to normal operating range

89
Q

Autorotation

DEFINITION

A

The flight condition during which no engine power is supplied and the main rotor is driven only by the action of the relative wind

90
Q

Describe how a pilot prevents rotor RPM over speed during an autorotation with turn:

A

With collective control

91
Q

List the three conditions required for dynamic rollover to occur:

A
  1. Pivot poin
  2. Rolling motion
  3. Exceeding critical angle
92
Q

Dynamic rollover occurs due to a combination of which two factors?

A

Human and physical factors

93
Q

Which control input is required to recover from dynamic rollover on level ground?

A

Smooth, moderate collective reduction

94
Q

Operating at what speed is most likely to produce retreating blade stall?

A

Excessive airspeed (high forward airspeed)

95
Q

Describe symptoms of retreating blade stall in a single rotor helicopter

A

Abnormal vibration, pitch-up of the nose and left roll

96
Q

Describe the recovery procedure from retreating blade stall

A

Reduce collective pitch, regain control of the aircraft, reduce airspeed, increase rotor RPM to normal operating range, minimize maneuvering and descend to a lower altitude

97
Q

Can settling with power occur during autorotation or shallow approach?

A

No, cause not all three conditions are present

98
Q

Retreating blade stall factors:

PRIMARY:
1.

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS:
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5.
A

PRIMARY:
1. Excessive airspeed

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS:

  1. High gross weight
  2. High DA
  3. High “G” maneuvers
  4. Low rotor RPM
  5. Turbulence
99
Q

METAR

Station:
Vicinity:
Distant:

A

Station: <5 SM
Vicinity: 5-10 SM
Distant >10 SM

100
Q

TAF is valid for _____ hours

A

30 hours

101
Q

TAF

9999 means:

A

Unrestricted visibility

102
Q

TAF

Maximum Temp:
Minimum Temp:

A

TX (max)

TN (min

103
Q

The QNH in the TAF means:

A

Lowest pressure during that period

104
Q

Hunting ________________ on the rotor blades

A

relieves stress

105
Q

Advancing blade flaps up:

a. Induced flow ________
b. AOA _________

A

a. increases

b. decreases

106
Q

Retreating blade flaps down:

a. Induced flow ________
b. AOA _________

A

a. decreases

b. increases

Academic test (2 decks)

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