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[MT 6318] Hematology Lecture > [1S] UNIT 2 Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

[1S] UNIT 2 Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

continuous, regulated process of renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of all blood cell lines

A

hematopoiesis

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2
Q

begins as early as the nineteenth day after fertilization in the yolk sac of the embryo

A

Mesoblastic period (Primitive Erythropoiesis)

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2
Q

3 stages of prenatal hematopoiesis

A
  1. Mesoblastic period
  2. Hepatic period
  3. Myeloid/Medullary period
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2
Q

only erythrocytes are made
(primitive erythroblasts)

A

Mesoblastic period (Primitive Erythropoiesis)

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3
Q

the RBCs contain unique fetal hemoglobins (Gower-1, Gower-2, and Portland)

A

Mesoblastic period (Primitive Erythropoiesis)

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4
Q
  • Begins around 5-7 gestational weeks
  • The fetal liver becomes the chief site of blood cell
    production
A

Hepatic Period

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4
Q

occurs intravascularly

A

Mesoblastic period (Primitive Erythropoiesis)

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4
Q
  • Beginning of definitive hematopoiesis
  • Megakaryopoiesis begins
  • Hgb F and adult hemoglobins
A

Hepatic Period

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5
Q
  • The spleen, kidney, thymus, and lymph nodes contribute to hematopoiesis.
  • Occurs extravascularly
A

Hepatic Period

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6
Q
  • Begins at 4th to 5th month of fetal development
  • Occurs in the medulla of BM
A

Myeloid / Medullary Period

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7
Q

By the end of 24th weeks of gestation: BM becomes the primary site

A

Myeloid / Medullary Period

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8
Q
  • Detectable levels of EPO, G-CSF, GM-CSF
  • Fetal Hgb, adult Hgb
A

Myeloid / Medullary Period

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9
Q

Hematopoiesis in areas other then the bone
marrow is called

A

extramedullary
hematopoiesis

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9
Q

Hematopoiesis in the bone marrow is called

A

medullary hematopoiesis

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10
Q
  • Bone marrow
  • Liver
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
A

Hematopoietic Tissues

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11
Q

Located inside the spongy bone

A

Bone Marrow

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11
Q

In a normal adult, ½ of the bone marrow is
hematopoietically active (___ marrow) and ½ is inactive, fatty marrow (_____ marrow).

A

red
yellow

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12
Q

contains both Erythroid (RBC) and leukocyte (WBC) precursors as well as platelet precursors

A

Bone marrow

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12
Q

BONE MARROW

T/F: Early in life most of the marrow is red marrow and it gradually decreases with age to the adult level of 50%

A

T

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13
Q

In certain pathologic states the bone marrow can increase its activity to ______ its normal rate. When this happens, the bone marrow is said to be __________ because it replaces the yellow marrow with red marrow.

A

5-10X
hyperplastic

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14
Q

T/F: Pathologic states that cause this include:

Severe chronic anemia – erythropoiesis (RBC production) may increase
to the extent that the marrow starts to erode the bone itself.

A

T

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14
Q

T/F: In certain pathologic states the bone marrow can increase its activity to 5-10X its normal rate. When this happens, the bone marrow is said to be hyperplastic because it replaces the yellow marrow with red marrow. This occurs in conditions where there is increased or ineffective
hematopoiesis.

A

T

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14
Q

T/F: Pathologic states that cause this include:

Severe blood loss in which there is a temporary replacement of the
yellow marrow

A

F; Acute

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14
Q

The hematopoietic tissue may also become inactive or _______. This may be due to:
* Chemicals
* Genetics
* Myeloproliferative disease that replaces hematopoietic tissue with fibrous tissue

A

hypoplastic

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15
Q

T/F: Pathologic states that cause this include:

Malignant disease – both normal red marrow and fatty marrow may be
replaced by proliferating abnormal cells.

A

T

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16
Q

BONE MARROW CELLULARITY

30-70% HSCs

A

Normocellular

17
Q

BONE MARROW CELLULARITY

> 70% HSCs

A

Hypercellular / Hyperplastic

18
Q

BONE MARROW CELLULARITY

<30 HSCs

A

Hypocellular / Hypoplastic

19
Q

BONE MARROW CELLULARITY

few or no HSCs

A

Aplastic

20
Q

is the ratio of granulocytes & their precursors to nucleated erythroid precursors

A

M:E (myleloid:erythroid) ratio

20
Q

Normal myeloid-erythroid ratio

A

2:1 and 4:1 (average of 3:1)

21
Q

M:E RATIO

T/F: Granulocytes are numerous because of their
short survival (1-2 days) as compared to erythrocytes of 60 days

A

F; 120 days not 60

22
Q

M:E RATIO

Infection

A

6:1

23
Q

M:E RATIO

Myeloid hyperplasia

A

20:1

23
Q

M:E RATIO

Leukemia

A

25:1

23
Q

M:E RATIO

Myeloid hypoplasia

A

3:20

23
Q

have many functions, including protein synthesis
and degradation, coagulation factor synthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, drug and toxin clearance, iron recycling and
storage, and hemoglobin degradation, in which bilirubin is conjugated and transported to the small intestine for eventual
excretion

A

Liver - Hepatocytes

24
Q

Contains phagocytic cells known as Kupffer cells that act as a filter for damaged or aged cells in a manner similar to, but less efficient than the phagocytic cells in the spleen.

A

Liver

25
Q

is composed of lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels that drain into the left and right lymphatic duct

A

Lymphatic System

26
Q

is formed from blood fluid that escapes into the connective tissue

A

Lymph

27
Q

Lymph nodes are composed of (3)

A

lymphocytes, macrophages, and a reticular network

28
Q

LYMPH NODE STRUCTURE

An inner area called the medulla which contains

A

Plasma Cells

28
Q

LYMPH NODE STRUCTURE

An outer area called the cortex which
contains _______ with B lymphocytes

A

follicles

28
Q

LYMPH NODE STRUCTURE

T lymphocytes and
macrophages

A

Paracortex

29
Q

site of lymphocyte proliferation

A

Lymph nodes

30
Q

site of lymphocyte proliferation

A

Lymph nodes

30
Q

involved in the initiation of the specific immune response to foreign antigens

A

Lymph nodes

31
Q

Sequestering 1/3 of the platelet mass

A

Spleen

31
Q

filter particulate matter, debris, and bacteria entering the lymph node via the lymph

A

Lymph nodes

32
Q

This organ is well developed at birth and increases in
size until puberty at which time it starts to decrease in
size

A

Thymus

32
Q

After a ___________ (removal of the spleen), RBC
inclusions and abnormal RBC shapes are seen. ________ is taken over by the liver which is less effective in
performing all of the splenic functions

A

Splenectomy
Culling

33
Q

may cause anemia
(may be caused by decreased RBCs), leukopenia (decreased WBCs), or thrombocytopenia or
combinations of these cytopenias

A

Hypersplenism (splenomegaly)

33
Q

When all three cell
types are decreased this is called

A

pancytopenia

34
Q

It serves as a compartment for the maturation of T
lymphocytes into immunocompetent T cells.

A

Thymus

35
Q

THYMUS STRUCTURE

An outer area called the _______ which is densely
packed with small lymphocytes and macrophages

A

cortex

36
Q

THYMUS STRUCTURE

An inner area called the ________ which is less
cellular with a few lymphocytes, macrophages,
and epithelial cells.

A

medulla

37
Q

STEM CELL THEORY

all blood cells are derived from a single progenitor stem cell

A

Monophyletic Theory

37
Q

STEM CELL THEORY

each of the blood cell lineages is derived
from its own unique stem cell

A

Polyphyletic Theory

38
Q

Capable of:
* Self renewal
* Pluripotent
* Give rise to differentiated progeny

A

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

39
Q

Fates:
* Self renewal
* Differentiation
* Apoptosis

A

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

40
Q
  • are multipotent
  • do not self-renew or have only an extremely limited capacity
  • respond best to multiple cytokines
A

Progenitor cells

40
Q

blast cells committed to unilinear differentiation –
much more mature than progenitor cells

A

Precursor cells (“Committed” precursor cells)

40
Q
  • do not self-renew
  • respond best to one or 2 cytokines
A

Precursor cells (“Committed” precursor cells)

41
Q
  • still replicate until near terminal differentiation
  • progeny increasingly acquire specific differentiation
    markers and functions
A

Precursor cells (“Committed” precursor cells)

[MT 6318] Hematology Lecture (12 decks)

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