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[MT 6318] Hematology Lecture > [1S] UNIT 2 Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

[1S] UNIT 2 Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

continuous, regulated process of renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of all blood cell lines

A

hematopoiesis

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2
Q

begins as early as the nineteenth day after fertilization in the yolk sac of the embryo

A

Mesoblastic period (Primitive Erythropoiesis)

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2
Q

3 stages of prenatal hematopoiesis

A
  1. Mesoblastic period
  2. Hepatic period
  3. Myeloid/Medullary period
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2
Q

only erythrocytes are made
(primitive erythroblasts)

A

Mesoblastic period (Primitive Erythropoiesis)

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3
Q

the RBCs contain unique fetal hemoglobins (Gower-1, Gower-2, and Portland)

A

Mesoblastic period (Primitive Erythropoiesis)

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4
Q
  • Begins around 5-7 gestational weeks
  • The fetal liver becomes the chief site of blood cell
    production
A

Hepatic Period

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4
Q

occurs intravascularly

A

Mesoblastic period (Primitive Erythropoiesis)

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4
Q
  • Beginning of definitive hematopoiesis
  • Megakaryopoiesis begins
  • Hgb F and adult hemoglobins
A

Hepatic Period

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5
Q
  • The spleen, kidney, thymus, and lymph nodes contribute to hematopoiesis.
  • Occurs extravascularly
A

Hepatic Period

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6
Q
  • Begins at 4th to 5th month of fetal development
  • Occurs in the medulla of BM
A

Myeloid / Medullary Period

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7
Q

By the end of 24th weeks of gestation: BM becomes the primary site

A

Myeloid / Medullary Period

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8
Q
  • Detectable levels of EPO, G-CSF, GM-CSF
  • Fetal Hgb, adult Hgb
A

Myeloid / Medullary Period

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9
Q

Hematopoiesis in areas other then the bone
marrow is called

A

extramedullary
hematopoiesis

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9
Q

Hematopoiesis in the bone marrow is called

A

medullary hematopoiesis

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10
Q
  • Bone marrow
  • Liver
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
A

Hematopoietic Tissues

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11
Q

Located inside the spongy bone

A

Bone Marrow

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11
Q

In a normal adult, ½ of the bone marrow is
hematopoietically active (___ marrow) and ½ is inactive, fatty marrow (_____ marrow).

A

red
yellow

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12
Q

contains both Erythroid (RBC) and leukocyte (WBC) precursors as well as platelet precursors

A

Bone marrow

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12
Q

BONE MARROW

T/F: Early in life most of the marrow is red marrow and it gradually decreases with age to the adult level of 50%

A

T

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13
Q

In certain pathologic states the bone marrow can increase its activity to ______ its normal rate. When this happens, the bone marrow is said to be __________ because it replaces the yellow marrow with red marrow.

A

5-10X
hyperplastic

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14
Q

T/F: Pathologic states that cause this include:

Severe chronic anemia – erythropoiesis (RBC production) may increase
to the extent that the marrow starts to erode the bone itself.

A

T

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14
Q

T/F: In certain pathologic states the bone marrow can increase its activity to 5-10X its normal rate. When this happens, the bone marrow is said to be hyperplastic because it replaces the yellow marrow with red marrow. This occurs in conditions where there is increased or ineffective
hematopoiesis.

A

T

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14
Q

T/F: Pathologic states that cause this include:

Severe blood loss in which there is a temporary replacement of the
yellow marrow

A

F; Acute

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14
Q

The hematopoietic tissue may also become inactive or _______. This may be due to:
* Chemicals
* Genetics
* Myeloproliferative disease that replaces hematopoietic tissue with fibrous tissue

A

hypoplastic

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15
T/F: Pathologic states that cause this include: Malignant disease – both normal red marrow and fatty marrow may be replaced by proliferating abnormal cells.
T
16
BONE MARROW CELLULARITY 30-70% HSCs
Normocellular
17
BONE MARROW CELLULARITY >70% HSCs
Hypercellular / Hyperplastic
18
BONE MARROW CELLULARITY <30 HSCs
Hypocellular / Hypoplastic
19
BONE MARROW CELLULARITY few or no HSCs
Aplastic
20
is the ratio of granulocytes & their precursors to nucleated erythroid precursors
M:E (myleloid:erythroid) ratio
20
Normal myeloid-erythroid ratio
2:1 and 4:1 (average of 3:1)
21
M:E RATIO T/F: Granulocytes are numerous because of their short survival (1-2 days) as compared to erythrocytes of 60 days
F; 120 days not 60
22
M:E RATIO Infection
6:1
23
M:E RATIO Myeloid hyperplasia
20:1
23
M:E RATIO Leukemia
25:1
23
M:E RATIO Myeloid hypoplasia
3:20
23
have many functions, including protein synthesis and degradation, coagulation factor synthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, drug and toxin clearance, iron recycling and storage, and hemoglobin degradation, in which bilirubin is conjugated and transported to the small intestine for eventual excretion
Liver - Hepatocytes
24
Contains phagocytic cells known as Kupffer cells that act as a filter for damaged or aged cells in a manner similar to, but less efficient than the phagocytic cells in the spleen.
Liver
25
is composed of lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels that drain into the left and right lymphatic duct
Lymphatic System
26
is formed from blood fluid that escapes into the connective tissue
Lymph
27
Lymph nodes are composed of (3)
lymphocytes, macrophages, and a reticular network
28
LYMPH NODE STRUCTURE An inner area called the medulla which contains
Plasma Cells
28
LYMPH NODE STRUCTURE An outer area called the cortex which contains _______ with B lymphocytes
follicles
28
LYMPH NODE STRUCTURE T lymphocytes and macrophages
Paracortex
29
site of lymphocyte proliferation
Lymph nodes
30
site of lymphocyte proliferation
Lymph nodes
30
involved in the initiation of the specific immune response to foreign antigens
Lymph nodes
31
Sequestering 1/3 of the platelet mass
Spleen
31
filter particulate matter, debris, and bacteria entering the lymph node via the lymph
Lymph nodes
32
This organ is well developed at birth and increases in size until puberty at which time it starts to decrease in size
Thymus
32
After a ___________ (removal of the spleen), RBC inclusions and abnormal RBC shapes are seen. ________ is taken over by the liver which is less effective in performing all of the splenic functions
Splenectomy Culling
33
may cause anemia (may be caused by decreased RBCs), leukopenia (decreased WBCs), or thrombocytopenia or combinations of these cytopenias
Hypersplenism (splenomegaly)
33
When all three cell types are decreased this is called
pancytopenia
34
It serves as a compartment for the maturation of T lymphocytes into immunocompetent T cells.
Thymus
35
THYMUS STRUCTURE An outer area called the _______ which is densely packed with small lymphocytes and macrophages
cortex
36
THYMUS STRUCTURE An inner area called the ________ which is less cellular with a few lymphocytes, macrophages, and epithelial cells.
medulla
37
STEM CELL THEORY all blood cells are derived from a single progenitor stem cell
Monophyletic Theory
37
STEM CELL THEORY each of the blood cell lineages is derived from its own unique stem cell
Polyphyletic Theory
38
Capable of: * Self renewal * Pluripotent * Give rise to differentiated progeny
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
39
Fates: * Self renewal * Differentiation * Apoptosis
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
40
* are multipotent * do not self-renew or have only an extremely limited capacity * respond best to multiple cytokines
Progenitor cells
40
blast cells committed to unilinear differentiation – much more mature than progenitor cells
Precursor cells (“Committed” precursor cells)
40
* do not self-renew * respond best to one or 2 cytokines
Precursor cells (“Committed” precursor cells)
41
* still replicate until near terminal differentiation * progeny increasingly acquire specific differentiation markers and functions
Precursor cells (“Committed” precursor cells)

[MT 6318] Hematology Lecture (12 decks)

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