[1S] UNIT 1.2 Introduction to Mycology

Question 1

What do you call the characteristics or mechanisms that include thermotolerance, adaptation to a parasitic lifestyle, adhesins, use of enzymes to attach to host tissues, dimorphism, evasion of immune response, presence of cell wall molecules that resist lysis by phagocytes and antifungal agents, and toxin production?

Answer 1

Determinants of Pathogenecity

Question 2

DISEASES ATTRIBUTED FUNGI

Mycotic infections

Answer 2

Mycoses

Question 3

4 Practical Classification of Fungi

Answer 3

A. Superficial or Cutaneous Mycoses
B. Subcutaneous Mycoses
C. Systemic Mycoses
D. Opportunistic Mycoses

Question 4

FUNGAL TOXICOLOGY

Mycotoxicoses MOT

Answer 4

Ingestion of mycotoxins

Question 5

FUNGAL TOXICOLOGY: MYCOTOXICOSES

• Toxins coming from _______ _______
- _______ & ________: Psychoactive Effects and Hepatotoxins

Answer 5

Amanita Mushroom
Amanitin and Phalloidin

Question 6

FUNGAL TOXICOLOGY: MYCOTOXICOSES

• Causes Ergotism or St. Anthony’s Fire
• Derived from Claviceps purpurea

Answer 6

Ergot Alkaloids

Question 7

FUNGAL TOXICOLOGY: MYCOTOXICOSES

• Ergotamine and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
• Effect: Vascular and Neurologic effects
• Development of Gangrene and Convulsions

Answer 7

Alkaloids

Question 8

FUNGAL TOXICOLOGY: MYCOTOXICOSES

• Toxins (coumarin derivatives) produced by Aspergillus flavus
• Fungi grows if staple commodities are improperly stored

Answer 8

Aflatoxins

Question 8

HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION

• Manifested by: asthmatic reaction (mediated by [gE)
• Eosinophilia and “wheal and flare” skin test reaction
• Due to immediate hypersensitivity response to spores

Answer 8

Allergies

Question 9

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS / SOURCE

Amphotericin B (Source: Streptomyces nodosus)

Answer 9

POLYENE MACROLIDE ANTIFUNGALS

Question 9

FUNGAL TOXICOLOGY: MYCOTOXICOSES

• Can enter the food chain infecting livestock
• Humans are infected when spoiled grains and peanuts are ingested
• Can lead to: Hepatic Carcinoma and Liver Damage

Answer 9

Aflatoxins

Question 9

Designed to give information in aiding the clinician in selecting the antifungal agent to treat a specific fungal disease.

Answer 9

Anti-fungal Therapy

Question 10

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS / SOURCE

Nystatin (Source: Streptomyces noursei)

Answer 10

POLYENE MACROLIDE ANTIFUNGALS

Question 11

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS / SOURCE

Griseofulvin (source: Penicillium species)

Answer 11

GRISANS

Question 12

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS / SOURCE

5-Fluoro– cytosine or Flucytosine

Answer 12

NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS

Question 13

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS / SOURCE

• Clotrimazole and Miconazole
• Fluconazole

Answer 13

AZOLE DERIVATIVES

Question 14

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS / SOURCE

• Ketoconazole
• Itraconazole

Answer 14

AZOLE DERIVATIVES

Question 15

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS / SOURCE

• Terbinafine and Naftifine
• Selenium sulfide
• Potassium lodide

Answer 15

ALLYLAMINES

Question 15

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS / SOURCE

Caspofungin, Anidulafungin

Answer 15

ECHINOCANDINS

Question 16

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: MOA

Binds ergosterol to alter selective permeability

Answer 16

Amphotericin B

Question 17

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: MOA

Inhibits microtubular function

Answer 17

GRISANS

Question 18

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: MOA

Inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis

Answer 18

NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS

Question 19

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: MOA

Disrupt cell membrane by interfering with synthesis of ergosterol

Answer 19

AZOLE DERIVATIVES: Clotrimazole and Miconazole

Question 20

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: MOA

• semisynthetic lipopeptides that target fungal cell wall
• inhibit glucan synthesis by targeting on 1,3-beta-D- glucan synthase

Answer 20

ECHINOCANDINS

Question 21

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: MOA

Inhibit cytochrome p-450 dependent enzymes

Answer 21

AZOLE DERIVATIVES: Fluconazole

Question 22

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: MOA

interfere cell wall synthesis

Answer 22

ALLYLAMINES: Terbinafine and Naftifine

Question 22

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE

• For: deep seated fungal infections (Candida, Cryptococcus, Mucorales)
• Precaution: toxic to the kidney

Answer 22

POLYENE MACROLIDE ANTIFUNGALS: Amphotericin B

Question 23

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE

Local antifungal to treat oral or vulvovaginal candidiasis

Answer 23

POLYENE MACROLIDE ANTIFUNGALS: Nystatin

Question 24

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE

Oral agent for dermatophytosis that are not responsive to azoles

Answer 24

GRISANS

Question 25

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE

Acts synergistically with amphotericin B to treat Candida and Cryptococcus infections

Answer 25

NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS

Question 25

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE

Mild cases of dermatophytosis

Answer 25

AZOLE DERIVATIVES: Clotrimazole and Miconazole

Question 26

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE

Oral or IV administration - For Candida or Cryptococcus Inf.

Answer 26

AZOLE DERIVATIVES: Fluconazole

Question 27

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE

oral or topical agent for Mild cases of paracoccidioido- mycosis;

Answer 27

AZOLE DERIVATIVES: Ketoconazole

Question 28

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE

For Candida infections

Answer 28

ECHINOCANDINS

Question 29

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE

effective in aspergillosis, sporotrichosis, cryptococcosis and onychomycosis.

Answer 29

AZOLE DERIVATIVES: Itraconazole

Question 30

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE

Topical treatments for skin, nail fungal infections

Answer 30

ALLYLAMINES: Terbinafine and Naftifine

Question 31

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE

for treatment of cutaneous/lymphatic sporotrichosis

Answer 31

ALLYLAMINES: Potassium lodide

Question 31

ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE

For treatment of tinea versicolor

Answer 31

ALLYLAMINES: Selenium sulfide

Question 31

4 Treatments for Mold Allergy

Answer 31

1. Descongestants
2. Anti-histamine drugs
3. Immunotherapy
4. Home-proofing (HEPA)