[1S] UNIT 1.2 Introduction to Mycology Flashcards
What do you call the characteristics or mechanisms that include thermotolerance, adaptation to a parasitic lifestyle, adhesins, use of enzymes to attach to host tissues, dimorphism, evasion of immune response, presence of cell wall molecules that resist lysis by phagocytes and antifungal agents, and toxin production?
Determinants of Pathogenecity
DISEASES ATTRIBUTED FUNGI
Mycotic infections
Mycoses
4 Practical Classification of Fungi
A. Superficial or Cutaneous Mycoses
B. Subcutaneous Mycoses
C. Systemic Mycoses
D. Opportunistic Mycoses
FUNGAL TOXICOLOGY
Mycotoxicoses MOT
Ingestion of mycotoxins
FUNGAL TOXICOLOGY: MYCOTOXICOSES
• Toxins coming from _______ _______
- _______ & ________: Psychoactive Effects and Hepatotoxins
Amanita Mushroom
Amanitin and Phalloidin
FUNGAL TOXICOLOGY: MYCOTOXICOSES
• Causes Ergotism or St. Anthony’s Fire
• Derived from Claviceps purpurea
Ergot Alkaloids
FUNGAL TOXICOLOGY: MYCOTOXICOSES
- Ergotamine and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
- Effect: Vascular and Neurologic effects
- Development of Gangrene and Convulsions
Alkaloids
FUNGAL TOXICOLOGY: MYCOTOXICOSES
- Toxins (coumarin derivatives) produced by Aspergillus flavus
- Fungi grows if staple commodities are improperly stored
Aflatoxins
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION
- Manifested by: asthmatic reaction (mediated by [gE)
- Eosinophilia and “wheal and flare” skin test reaction
- Due to immediate hypersensitivity response to spores
Allergies
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS / SOURCE
Amphotericin B (Source: Streptomyces nodosus)
POLYENE MACROLIDE ANTIFUNGALS
FUNGAL TOXICOLOGY: MYCOTOXICOSES
- Can enter the food chain infecting livestock
- Humans are infected when spoiled grains and peanuts are ingested
- Can lead to: Hepatic Carcinoma and Liver Damage
Aflatoxins
Designed to give information in aiding the clinician in selecting the antifungal agent to treat a specific fungal disease.
Anti-fungal Therapy
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS / SOURCE
Nystatin (Source: Streptomyces noursei)
POLYENE MACROLIDE ANTIFUNGALS
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS / SOURCE
Griseofulvin (source: Penicillium species)
GRISANS
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS / SOURCE
5-Fluoro– cytosine or Flucytosine
NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS / SOURCE
- Clotrimazole and Miconazole
- Fluconazole
AZOLE DERIVATIVES
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS / SOURCE
- Ketoconazole
- Itraconazole
AZOLE DERIVATIVES
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS / SOURCE
- Terbinafine and Naftifine
- Selenium sulfide
- Potassium lodide
ALLYLAMINES
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS / SOURCE
Caspofungin, Anidulafungin
ECHINOCANDINS
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: MOA
Binds ergosterol to alter selective permeability
Amphotericin B
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: MOA
Inhibits microtubular function
GRISANS
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: MOA
Inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis
NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: MOA
Disrupt cell membrane by interfering with synthesis of ergosterol
AZOLE DERIVATIVES: Clotrimazole and Miconazole
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: MOA
- semisynthetic lipopeptides that target fungal cell wall
- inhibit glucan synthesis by targeting on 1,3-beta-D- glucan synthase
ECHINOCANDINS
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: MOA
Inhibit cytochrome p-450 dependent enzymes
AZOLE DERIVATIVES: Fluconazole
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: MOA
interfere cell wall synthesis
ALLYLAMINES: Terbinafine and Naftifine
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE
- For: deep seated fungal infections (Candida, Cryptococcus, Mucorales)
- Precaution: toxic to the kidney
POLYENE MACROLIDE ANTIFUNGALS: Amphotericin B
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE
Local antifungal to treat oral or vulvovaginal candidiasis
POLYENE MACROLIDE ANTIFUNGALS: Nystatin
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE
Oral agent for dermatophytosis that are not responsive to azoles
GRISANS
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE
Acts synergistically with amphotericin B to treat Candida and Cryptococcus infections
NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE
Mild cases of dermatophytosis
AZOLE DERIVATIVES: Clotrimazole and Miconazole
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE
Oral or IV administration - For Candida or Cryptococcus Inf.
AZOLE DERIVATIVES: Fluconazole
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE
oral or topical agent for Mild cases of paracoccidioido- mycosis;
AZOLE DERIVATIVES: Ketoconazole
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE
For Candida infections
ECHINOCANDINS
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE
effective in aspergillosis, sporotrichosis, cryptococcosis and onychomycosis.
AZOLE DERIVATIVES: Itraconazole
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE
Topical treatments for skin, nail fungal infections
ALLYLAMINES: Terbinafine and Naftifine
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE
for treatment of cutaneous/lymphatic sporotrichosis
ALLYLAMINES: Potassium lodide
ANTI-FUNGAL AGENTS: USAGE
For treatment of tinea versicolor
ALLYLAMINES: Selenium sulfide
4 Treatments for Mold Allergy
- Descongestants
- Anti-histamine drugs
- Immunotherapy
- Home-proofing (HEPA)