[1S] UNIT 1.1 Introduction to Mycology Flashcards
A discipline of Biology that deals with, describes a enormous group of organisms denominated FUNGI
Mycology
highlights the productive or beneficial effects and applications of this field of science particularly in the area of agriculture, biotechnology and environmental biology
Good Mycology
“Dark side” of Mycology; Fungi are implicated as a cause of multiple phenomena that have deleterious effect on environment and health
Bad Mycology
• Transformation and recycling of dead material
• Recycling of carbon and other minerals
• Provide nutrients to the plants
Good Mycology
• Important Biotechnological tool e.g. yeast
• Source of secondary metabolites for production of antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs (Ex. Cyclosporin A
Good Mycology
• There are significant phytopathogens
• Cause life threatening disease in patients with risk factors
Bad Mycology
• There are significant phytopathogens
• Cause life threatening disease in patients with risk factors
Bad Mycology
BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
main eukaryotic models in genetics, molecular biology, cell biology, biochemistry and metabolism.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
key organism in understanding the mechanism of regulation of the cell cycle
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
NON MOTILE, EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS, can be single celled or usually are the very complex multicellular organisms
Fungi
A diverse group made up of the classic pathogens, environmental saprobes and parasitic spore-producing eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll. (i.e. Achlorophyllous)
Fungi
• Reside in nature , found in any habitat – on the land, in soil or on plant material rather than in sea or fresh water
• Are obligate or facultative aerobes
Fungi
Are chemotrophic secretes enzymes that degrade a wide range of organic substrates into soluble nutrients which are then transported into the cell through passive absorption or active transport
Fungi
may live as heterotrophs, saprotrophs, and parasitic organisms
Fungi
are subdivided on the basis of their life cycles, the presence or structure of their fruiting body and the arrangement of and type of spores (reproductive or distributional cells) they produce.
Fungi
T/F: Historically, fungus are compared to plants and have also been compared with bacteria
T
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PLANTS & FUNGI
T/F: Both are PROKARYOTIC organisms
F; EUKARYOTIC
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PLANTS & FUNGI
T/F:
• Numerous organelles
• Possess cell walls
T
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PLANTS & FUNGI
T/F:
• Mostly are anchored on soil or other substrates
• Reproduction can be asexual or sexual or both
• Stationary
T
FUNGI VS PLANTS
Multinucleated
Heterotroph
No reproduction by seed
Fungi
FUNGI VS PLANTS
Glycogen is the main storage product
Have chitin in their cell wall
Fungi
FUNGI VS PLANTS
No stem, roots and leaves
Lacks chlorophyll
Fungi
FUNGI VS PLANTS
No stem, roots and leaves
Lacks chlorophyll
Fungi
TYPICAL SIZE
0.4 μm -2 μm in diameter
0.5 μm -5 μm in length
Prokaryotes
TYPICAL SIZE
10 μm -100 μm in diameter
>10 μm in length
Eukaryotes
REPRODUCTION
Asexual (binary fission)
Prokaryotes
NUCLEUS
No nuclear membrane, nucleoid region of the cytosol
Prokaryotes
GENOME
Circular DNA complexed with RNA at mesosome within nucleoid
Plasmid- each carries genes for its own replication; can confer resistance to antibiotics
Prokaryotes
MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES & CHLOROPLAST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Absent in all
Prokaryotes
RIBOSOME
Present in all
Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Lacks carbohydrates
Prokaryotes
STEROLS IN CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE
Absent except in Mycoplasmataceae
Prokaryotes
ELECTRON TRANSPORT FOR ENERGY
In the cell membrane
Prokaryotes
REPRODUCTION
Sexual and asexual
Eukaryotes
GENOME
Linear DNA complexed with basic histones and proteins in the nucleus
In mitochondria and chloroplasts
Eukaryotes
NUCLEUS
Classic membrane bound nucleus
Eukaryotes
MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES
Present (e.g. mitochondria, lysosome, ER. Golgi complex, nucleus)
Eukaryotes
RIBOSOME
Present in all
Eukaryotes
CHLOROPLAST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Present in algae and plants
Eukaryotes
ELECTRON TRANSPORT FOR ENERGY
In the inner membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts
Eukaryotes
STEROLS IN CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE
Present
Eukaryotes
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Also contains glycolipids and glycoproteins
Eukaryotes
CELL WALL, IF PRESENT
Cellulose, phenolic polymers, lignin (plants), chitin (fungi), other glycans (algae)
Eukaryotes
GLYCOCALYX
Present; some animal cell
Eukaryotes
CILIA = Present
PILI & FIMBRIAE = Absent
Eukaryotes
FLAGELLA IF PRESENT
Complex cilia or flagella; composed of MTs and polymers of tubulin with dynein connecting MTs; movement by coordinated sliding microtubules
Eukaryotes
GLYCOCALYX
Present in most as an organized capsule or unorganized slime layer
Prokaryotes
CELL WALL, IF PRESENT
Peptidoglycan in most bacteria
Prokaryotes
FLAGELLA IF PRESENT
Simple flagella; composed of polymers of flagellin; movement by rotary action at the base; spirochetes have MTs
Prokaryotes
- single vegetative cell
- In culture, shows smooth creamy, bacteria like colony without aerial hypha
Yeast
CILIA = Absent
PILI & FIMBRIAE = Present
Prokaryotes
FUNGAL STRUCTURE
- exhibits plasticity
- has turgor pressure
- confers shape to the hypha
Definite, rigid cell wall
FUNGAL STRUCTURE
- protects the protoplast against environmental hazards, osmotic stress
- Acting as a carrier of specific antigen characteristics of the particular cell and playing an important role in cell recognition in various cell interactions.
Cell Wall
- Reproduce by budding or fission
- Can be identified using Biochemical test and Molecular Diagnostic methods
Yeast
- grows in multicellular filaments called hyphae.
- are made up of tubular branches having multiple, genetically identical nuclei, yet form a single organism, known as a colony.
Molds
FUNGAL STRUCTURE
Acting as the site of various extracellular enzymes engaged in the exchange of nutrients and products of metabolism and hydrolysis of cell wall components.
Cell Wall
FUNGAL STRUCTURE
- acts as a filter controlling to some extent materials that enter the fungal protoplast
- Acting as a reservoir of carbohydrates
Cell Wall
Skeletal Components of CW
- Chitin
- ß Glucan
- Mannan
FUNGAL STRUCTURE
consists of water-soluble polysaccharide e.g. α glucan and glycoprotein
Cell Wall Matrix
FUNGAL STRUCTURE
production of this pigment contributes to fungal virulence ; improves resistance to environmental damage such as extreme temperature, UV light and toxins ; and is important for invasion and dissemination.
Miscellaneous Cell Wall Components : Melanin
FUNGAL STRUCTURE
nucleus, mitochondrion, E.R. Golgi bodies, microbodies
Membrane-bound organelles
FUNGAL STRUCTURE
are plaque-like structures embedded in the nuclear envelope for the entire cell cycle in budding yeast and most of the cell cycle in fission yeast. It plays the role of the centrosome by initiating organization of microtubule, particularly during mitosis.
Spindle Polar Bodies (SPBs)
FUNGAL STRUCTURE
vesicles associated with filamentous material, found numerous at the tip of actively growing hypha
Filasomes
A non-motile thallus constructed of apically elongating walled filaments. A web of filaments or hypha constitutes a _______
MYCELIUM
MOLDS
FUNGAL STRUCTURE - MOLD
filamentous tubular structures that grow by elongation (like thread) at the tip ; or by branching that contain numerous nuclei distributed throughout.
Hypha
FUNGAL STRUCTURE - MOLD
refer to the entire , vegetative body of the hypha
Thallus
FUNGAL STRUCTURE - MOLD
partitions or crosswall in hyphal structure
Septum
FUNGAL STRUCTURE - MOLD
where hyphal structures are interrupted at some points (at regular interval) by partitions or cross walls
Septate
FUNGAL STRUCTURE - MOLD
when portions of hyphae grow vigorously resulting in lack of regularly spaced septa.
Non septate or Aseptate or coenocytic
ELEMENTS WITHIN THE HYPHA
an organizing center necessary for long range transport of vesicles, via cytoskeleton. Described as nuggets of vesicles in the hyphal tip that is important in the growth process
Spitzenkorper
ELEMENTS WITHIN THE HYPHA
In filamentous fungi, these are important in the regulation of fungal cell morphogenesis ; for the delivery of cell membrane and cell wall components to the growing hyphal tip and to the septum.
Fungal cytoskeleton
HYPHAL ELEMENTS
portion of the aerial hypha that bears the reproductive spores or conidia
REPRODUCTIVE HYPHA
HYPHAL ELEMENTS
hypha that projects above the medium and produce reproductive spores
AERIAL HYPHA
TYPES OF HYPHAL ELEMENTS
Acdg. To the presence of Pigmentation
- Hyaline (Moniliaceous )
- Phaeoid (Dematiaceous)
HYPHAL ELEMENTS
portions of the hypha the penetrates the supporting medium and absorbs nutrient
VEGETATIVE HYPHA
TYPES OF HYPHAL ELEMENTS
Acdg. to the presence or absence of crosswall
- Septate
- Non Septate
TYPES OF HYPHAL ELEMENTS
non pigmented or lightly pigmented
Hyaline (Moniliaceous)
TYPES OF HYPHAL ELEMENTS
darkly pigmented because of the presence of melanin in the cell wall
Phaeoid (Dematiaceous)
HABITAT: YEAST VS MOLD
Can be found on fruit and berries, in the stomach of mammals and on skin, among other places. Very common
Yeast
HABITAT: YEAST VS MOLD
Typically found in damp, dark or steam-filled areas.
Mold
CELL: YEAST VS MOLD
Unicellular
Yeast
SHAPE: YEAST VS MOLD
Round or oval in shape
Yeast
CELL: YEAST VS MOLD
Multicellular
Mold
SHAPE: YEAST VS MOLD
Filamentous fungi, Threadlike
Molds
GROWTH APPEARANCE: YEAST VS MOLD
Fuzzy appearance and can be an orange, green, black, brown.
Mold
GROWTH APPEARANCE: YEAST VS MOLD
White and butterlike CONSISTENCY
Yeast
HYPHAE: YEAST VS CELL
Do not have true hyphae. Instead they form structures called pseudo-hyphae.
Yeast
REPRODUCTION: YEAST VS CELL
Sexually and asexually reproduce into multicellular form.
Sporangiospores and Conidia Zygospores, Ascospores, and Basidiospores
Mold
HYPHAE: YEAST VS CELL
have microscopic filaments called hyphae.
Mold
REPRODUCTION: YEAST VS CELL
They reproduce mostly asexually (budding).
* Asexual = Blastospores
* Sexual = None
Yeast
BENEFICIAL USE: YEAST VS CELL
Making of alcoholic beverages which contain ethanol, used in baking, bioremediation, industrial ethanol production, probiotics, and food addictive or flavors.
Yeast
BENEFICIAL USE: YEAST VS CELL
Useful in biodegradation, food production (cheese)
Mold
HEALTH HAZARD: YEAST VS CELL
Can cause infection in individuals with compromised immune systems.
Yeast
HEALTH HAZARD: YEAST VS MOLD
Can cause allergic reactions and respiratory problems.
Mold
Fungi reproduces?
sexually and / or asexually
- having only one growth phase, only exist in yeast form
- Example : yeast and yeast-like organism
MONOMORPHISM
- ability of fungi to exist in two forms(e.g. yeast or mold) depending on the growth condition
- Example : Systemic fungi (e.g. Blastomyces, Coccidioides)
DIMORPHISM
- have both yeast and mold form in the same culture.
- Example : Exophiala spp.
POLYMORPHISM
Life cycle (ontogeny) of fungi consists of
A. Somatic Phase – feeding stage
B. Reproductive phase
Fungi that reproduce sexually and / or asexually are termed as
PERFECT FUNGI
Fungi that reproduce by asexual means are termed as
FUNGI IMPERFECTI
In both sexual and asexual reproduction, ______ produce spores that disperse from the parent organism
fungi
involves the body of a fungal thallus. No production of seeds or spores by meiosis or syngamy.
vegetative reproduction
Types of asexual reproduction
- Fragmentation
- Fission
- Budding
- Spore formation
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
occurs when a fungal mycelium separates into pieces with each component growing into a separate mycelium.
Fragmentation
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
the pinching off of an offspring, from the parent cell. The offspring cell is genetically identical to the parent
Budding
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
simple splitting of a cell into two daughter cells
Fission
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- they are readily dispersed and are capable of germination when growth conditions are favorable
more resistant to adverse condition - Can be derived from both asexual and sexual reproduction
Spore
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- a reproductive structure of fungi and some other organisms, containing one or
more cells. - small unit of propagule capable of giving rise to a new individual.
Spore
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- produced after mitosis without involvement of meiosis
- Genetically identical
Asexual Spores
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
The simplest mechanism of spore formation involves the differentiation of preformed ________. Spores generated are termed as ___________.
mycelium
thallospores
MAJOR TYPES OF ASEXUAL SPORES
Asexual spores usually produced at the tip or side of hyphae or on stalk or
special spore-producing structures called ___________.
Conidia; conidiophores
MAJOR TYPES OF ASEXUAL SPORES
___________ are spores that are produced in an enclosed, sac-like structure, called a ______, at the end of the sporangiophores.
Sporangiospores; sporangium
MAJOR TYPES OF ASEXUAL SPORES
The process of conidium formation is called
conidiogenesis
METHODS OF CONIDIOGENESIS
- differentiate via expansion from the conidiogenous cell.
- the cell wall of this cell is locally weakened and the developing conidium bulges out and is delineated by a septum.
Blastic Conidia
METHODS OF CONIDIOGENESIS
expansion of a cell includes the complete cell wall (inner and outer wall) of the conidiogenous cell.
Holoblastic
METHODS OF CONIDIOGENESIS
the cell wall of the conidiogenous cell is disrupted and the conidium appears through an opening in the cell wall
Enteroblastic
METHODS OF CONIDIOGENESIS
a preexisting cell differentiates into a conidium.
Thallic
METHODS OF CONIDIOGENESIS
involves the entire cell wall (inner and outer wall) of the hypha.
Holothallic
METHODS OF CONIDIOGENESIS
conidia produced in succession along the entire length of the hypha
Thallic–arthric
TERMINOLOGIES
asexual spore produced blastically either singly or synchronously in chain from the parent cell
Blastoconidium
TERMINOLOGIES
conidium produced from an annelide
Annelloconidium
TERMINOLOGIES
asexual conidium produced directly from the hyphae and released from this structure through fragmentation
Arthroconidia
TERMINOLOGIES
non motile sporangiospores
Aplanospores
TERMINOLOGIES
sexual spore formed on a basidium following karyogamy and meiosis
Basidiospore
TERMINOLOGIES
swollen thick walled vesicles that do not reproduce
Chlamydospores
TERMINOLOGIES
asexual spore produced directly from the hyphae, have thickened walls and is larger than the surrounding hyphal cells
Chlamydoconidium
TERMINOLOGIES
mycelia from which the reproductive structures form
Fertile hyphae
TERMINOLOGIES
spore formed within a spherule by cleavage of the cytoplasm
Endospore
TERMINOLOGIES
Holoblastic conidium produced through pores in the cell wall of the conidiogenous cell or conidiophore
Poroconidium
TERMINOLOGIES
conidium borne from a phialide
Phialoconidia
TERMINOLOGIES
the larger of the two types of conidia produced through holothallic mode of conidiogenesis
Macroconidium
TERMINOLOGIES
primary asexual reproductive structures formed in a sac called sporangium
Sporongiospore
TERMINOLOGIES
Round thick walled spore formed in a zygosporangium by fusion of the tips of two compatible hypha.
Zygospore
3 stages of sexual reproduction of fungi
- Plasmogamy
- Karyogamy
- Meosis
THREE STAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI
newly-produced diploid cell can undergo meiosis to regenerate haploid cells, and this often is as a response to nutrient limitation
Meiosis
BASIS OF TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION
T/F: Species may be recognized and defined on the basis of its asexual state (Telemorph) ; but, its sexual identity (Anamorph), may have a different name.
F; asexual = anamorph, sexual = telemorph
THREE STAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI
union or fusion of haploid cells of compatible mating types
Plasmogamy
THREE STAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI
fusion of the two haploid nuclei
Karyogamy
BASIS OF TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION
T/F: Taxonomic classification depends on pigmentation, growth temperatures, the pattern of conidiogeny and / or sporogeny, appearance of microscopic structures
T
BASIS OF TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION
T/F: It is based on the mechanism and spores that result from sexual reproduction
T
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
Glomeromycota asexual & sexual reproduction
Asexual Reproduction: Sporangiospores and sporangiosphores
Sexual Reproduction: Zygospores
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
Profuse to gray to white, aerial mycelia; hyaline sparsely septate hypha
Order Mucorales
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI EXAMPLES
Mucoromycotina Genera: Actinomucor, Apophysomyces, Cokemyces, Cunninghamella, Lichtheimia, Mucor, Rhizomucor, Rhizopus, Saksenaea, Syncephalastrum
Glomeromycota
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
Subphyla : Mucoromycotina, Entomophthoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina, Zoopagomycotina
Glomeromycota
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
Class Ascomycetes
Ascomycota
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI EXAMPLES
Microsporum spp. Trichphyton spp. Scedosprium boydii
Ascomycota
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
- Molds have septate hyphae
- Sexual reproduction involves a sac or ascus in which karyogamy and meiosis occur producing ascospores
- Asexual Reproduction : conidia
Ascomycota
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
Sterile mold
Basidiomycota
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
Sexual reproduction results in four progeny basidiospores supported by club shaped basidium
Basidiomycota
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
Filobasidiella neoformans (telemorph) (anamorph- Cryptococcus neoformans)
Mushroom
Basidiomycota
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
Hypha have complex septa. Clamp connections occur at the septation in the vegetative hypha.
Basidiomycota
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
Artificial grouping of the imperfect fungi for which the teleomorph or sexual reproduction has not been discovered.
Fungi Imperfecta (Deuteromycetes)
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
Anamorphic state is characterized by asexual conidia
Fungi Imperfecta (Deuteromycetes)
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
Coccidiodes immitis
Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis
Candida albican
Fungi Imperfecta (Deuteromycetes)
FUNGI CAN BE:
whole fungus, composed of the sexual and asexual phase
HOLOMORPH
SEXUAL SPORES
Fruiting body + capable of reproducing spores
ASCOCARP
FUNGI CAN BE:
*These are FUNGI that do not possess a SEXUAL STATE
* Examples: Candida; Torulopsis, Epidermophyton
FUNGI IMPERFECTI (Deuteromycota)
SEXUAL SPORES
spores enclosed in an ASCUS following karyogamy
ASCOSPORES
SEXUAL SPORES
The sexual life cycle of __________ can be either heterothallic (self-incompatible) or homothallic (self-compatible).
ascomycetes
SEXUAL SPORES
exist in two mating types, and mating occurs only between sexual structures of opposite mating type.
Heterothallic fungi
SEXUAL SPORES
every strain is able to complete the sexual cycle without a mating partner.
homothallic fungus
MAJOR TYPES OF THE MULTICELLULAR ASCOMATA
- Rounded, closed
- Asoegillus nidulans
- Plectomycetes
Cleistothecium
SEXUAL SPORES
is typically controlled by genes that reside in the mating-type locus.
Sexual reproduction
MAJOR TYPES OF THE MULTICELLULAR ASCOMATA
- Flash-shaped
- Neurospora crassa
- Pyrenomycetes
Perithecium
MAJOR TYPES OF THE MULTICELLULAR ASCOMATA
- Cup shaped
- Discomycetes
Apothecium
MAJOR TYPES OF THE MULTICELLULAR ASCOMATA
- Flask but fatter
- Cochliobolus heterostrophus
- Loculoascomycetes
Pseudothecium
SEXUAL SPORES
spores are formed inside a basidium (club shaped reproductive structure)
BASIDIOSPORES
SEXUAL SPORES
thick walled spores formed by fusion of 2 hyphal strands (homothallic)
ZYGOSPORES
SEXUAL SPORES
fusion of cells from 2 separate non- identical hypha
OOSPORES
