[1S] UNIT 1.1 Introduction to Mycology Flashcards by JULIA CASSANDRA RECCION

A discipline of Biology that deals with, describes a enormous group of organisms denominated FUNGI

Mycology

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highlights the productive or beneficial effects and applications of this field of science particularly in the area of agriculture, biotechnology and environmental biology

Good Mycology

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“Dark side” of Mycology; Fungi are implicated as a cause of multiple phenomena that have deleterious effect on environment and health

Bad Mycology

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• Transformation and recycling of dead material
• Recycling of carbon and other minerals
• Provide nutrients to the plants

Good Mycology

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• Important Biotechnological tool e.g. yeast
• Source of secondary metabolites for production of antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs (Ex. Cyclosporin A

Good Mycology

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• There are significant phytopathogens
• Cause life threatening disease in patients with risk factors

Bad Mycology

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• There are significant phytopathogens
• Cause life threatening disease in patients with risk factors

Bad Mycology

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BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

main eukaryotic models in genetics, molecular biology, cell biology, biochemistry and metabolism.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

key organism in understanding the mechanism of regulation of the cell cycle

Schizosaccharomyces pombe

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NON MOTILE, EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS, can be single celled or usually are the very complex multicellular organisms

Fungi

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A diverse group made up of the classic pathogens, environmental saprobes and parasitic spore-producing eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll. (i.e. Achlorophyllous)

Fungi

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• Reside in nature , found in any habitat – on the land, in soil or on plant material rather than in sea or fresh water
• Are obligate or facultative aerobes

Fungi

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Are chemotrophic secretes enzymes that degrade a wide range of organic substrates into soluble nutrients which are then transported into the cell through passive absorption or active transport

Fungi

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may live as heterotrophs, saprotrophs, and parasitic organisms

Fungi

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are subdivided on the basis of their life cycles, the presence or structure of their fruiting body and the arrangement of and type of spores (reproductive or distributional cells) they produce.

Fungi

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T/F: Historically, fungus are compared to plants and have also been compared with bacteria

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SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PLANTS & FUNGI

T/F: Both are PROKARYOTIC organisms

F; EUKARYOTIC

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SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PLANTS & FUNGI

T/F:
• Numerous organelles
• Possess cell walls

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SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PLANTS & FUNGI

T/F:
• Mostly are anchored on soil or other substrates
• Reproduction can be asexual or sexual or both
• Stationary

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FUNGI VS PLANTS

Multinucleated
Heterotroph
No reproduction by seed

Fungi

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FUNGI VS PLANTS

Glycogen is the main storage product
Have chitin in their cell wall

Fungi

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FUNGI VS PLANTS

No stem, roots and leaves
Lacks chlorophyll

Fungi

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FUNGI VS PLANTS

No stem, roots and leaves
Lacks chlorophyll

Fungi

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TYPICAL SIZE

0.4 μm -2 μm in diameter
0.5 μm -5 μm in length

Prokaryotes

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TYPICAL SIZE 10 μm -100 μm in diameter >10 μm in length

Eukaryotes

REPRODUCTION Asexual (binary fission)

Prokaryotes

NUCLEUS No nuclear membrane, nucleoid region of the cytosol

Prokaryotes

GENOME Circular DNA complexed with RNA at mesosome within nucleoid Plasmid- each carries genes for its own replication; can confer resistance to antibiotics

Prokaryotes

MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES & CHLOROPLAST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS Absent in all

Prokaryotes

RIBOSOME Present in all

Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

PLASMA MEMBRANE Lacks carbohydrates

Prokaryotes

STEROLS IN CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE Absent except in Mycoplasmataceae

Prokaryotes

ELECTRON TRANSPORT FOR ENERGY In the cell membrane

Prokaryotes

REPRODUCTION Sexual and asexual

Eukaryotes

GENOME Linear DNA complexed with basic histones and proteins in the nucleus In mitochondria and chloroplasts

Eukaryotes

NUCLEUS Classic membrane bound nucleus

Eukaryotes

MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES Present (e.g. mitochondria, lysosome, ER. Golgi complex, nucleus)

Eukaryotes

RIBOSOME Present in all

Eukaryotes

CHLOROPLAST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS Present in algae and plants

Eukaryotes

ELECTRON TRANSPORT FOR ENERGY In the inner membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Eukaryotes

STEROLS IN CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE Present

Eukaryotes

PLASMA MEMBRANE Also contains glycolipids and glycoproteins

Eukaryotes

CELL WALL, IF PRESENT Cellulose, phenolic polymers, lignin (plants), chitin (fungi), other glycans (algae)

Eukaryotes

GLYCOCALYX Present; some animal cell

Eukaryotes

CILIA = Present PILI & FIMBRIAE = Absent

Eukaryotes

FLAGELLA IF PRESENT Complex cilia or flagella; composed of MTs and polymers of tubulin with dynein connecting MTs; movement by coordinated sliding microtubules

Eukaryotes

GLYCOCALYX Present in most as an organized capsule or unorganized slime layer

Prokaryotes

CELL WALL, IF PRESENT Peptidoglycan in most bacteria

Prokaryotes

FLAGELLA IF PRESENT Simple flagella; composed of polymers of flagellin; movement by rotary action at the base; spirochetes have MTs

Prokaryotes

- single vegetative cell - In culture, shows smooth creamy, bacteria like colony without aerial hypha

Yeast

CILIA = Absent PILI & FIMBRIAE = Present

Prokaryotes

FUNGAL STRUCTURE * exhibits plasticity * has turgor pressure * confers shape to the hypha

Definite, rigid cell wall

FUNGAL STRUCTURE * protects the protoplast against environmental hazards, osmotic stress * Acting as a carrier of specific antigen characteristics of the particular cell and playing an important role in cell recognition in various cell interactions.

Cell Wall

- Reproduce by budding or fission - Can be identified using Biochemical test and Molecular Diagnostic methods

Yeast

- grows in multicellular filaments called hyphae. - are made up of tubular branches having multiple, genetically identical nuclei, yet form a single organism, known as a colony.

Molds

FUNGAL STRUCTURE Acting as the site of various extracellular enzymes engaged in the exchange of nutrients and products of metabolism and hydrolysis of cell wall components.

Cell Wall

FUNGAL STRUCTURE * acts as a filter controlling to some extent materials that enter the fungal protoplast * Acting as a reservoir of carbohydrates

Cell Wall

Skeletal Components of CW

* Chitin * ß Glucan * Mannan

FUNGAL STRUCTURE consists of water-soluble polysaccharide e.g. α glucan and glycoprotein

Cell Wall Matrix

FUNGAL STRUCTURE production of this pigment contributes to fungal virulence ; improves resistance to environmental damage such as extreme temperature, UV light and toxins ; and is important for invasion and dissemination.

Miscellaneous Cell Wall Components : Melanin

FUNGAL STRUCTURE nucleus, mitochondrion, E.R. Golgi bodies, microbodies

Membrane-bound organelles

FUNGAL STRUCTURE are plaque-like structures embedded in the nuclear envelope for the entire cell cycle in budding yeast and most of the cell cycle in fission yeast. It plays the role of the centrosome by initiating organization of microtubule, particularly during mitosis.

Spindle Polar Bodies (SPBs)

FUNGAL STRUCTURE vesicles associated with filamentous material, found numerous at the tip of actively growing hypha

Filasomes

A non-motile thallus constructed of apically elongating walled filaments. A web of filaments or hypha constitutes a _______

MYCELIUM MOLDS

FUNGAL STRUCTURE - MOLD filamentous tubular structures that grow by elongation (like thread) at the tip ; or by branching that contain numerous nuclei distributed throughout.

Hypha

FUNGAL STRUCTURE - MOLD refer to the entire , vegetative body of the hypha

Thallus

FUNGAL STRUCTURE - MOLD partitions or crosswall in hyphal structure

Septum

FUNGAL STRUCTURE - MOLD where hyphal structures are interrupted at some points (at regular interval) by partitions or cross walls

Septate

FUNGAL STRUCTURE - MOLD when portions of hyphae grow vigorously resulting in lack of regularly spaced septa.

Non septate or Aseptate or coenocytic

ELEMENTS WITHIN THE HYPHA an organizing center necessary for long range transport of vesicles, via cytoskeleton. Described as nuggets of vesicles in the hyphal tip that is important in the growth process

Spitzenkorper

ELEMENTS WITHIN THE HYPHA In filamentous fungi, these are important in the regulation of fungal cell morphogenesis ; for the delivery of cell membrane and cell wall components to the growing hyphal tip and to the septum.

Fungal cytoskeleton

HYPHAL ELEMENTS portion of the aerial hypha that bears the reproductive spores or conidia

REPRODUCTIVE HYPHA

HYPHAL ELEMENTS hypha that projects above the medium and produce reproductive spores

AERIAL HYPHA

TYPES OF HYPHAL ELEMENTS Acdg. To the presence of Pigmentation

* Hyaline (Moniliaceous ) * Phaeoid (Dematiaceous)

HYPHAL ELEMENTS portions of the hypha the penetrates the supporting medium and absorbs nutrient

VEGETATIVE HYPHA

TYPES OF HYPHAL ELEMENTS Acdg. to the presence or absence of crosswall

* Septate * Non Septate

TYPES OF HYPHAL ELEMENTS non pigmented or lightly pigmented

Hyaline (Moniliaceous)

TYPES OF HYPHAL ELEMENTS darkly pigmented because of the presence of melanin in the cell wall

Phaeoid (Dematiaceous)

HABITAT: YEAST VS MOLD Can be found on fruit and berries, in the stomach of mammals and on skin, among other places. Very common

Yeast

HABITAT: YEAST VS MOLD Typically found in damp, dark or steam-filled areas.

Mold

CELL: YEAST VS MOLD Unicellular

Yeast

SHAPE: YEAST VS MOLD Round or oval in shape

Yeast

CELL: YEAST VS MOLD Multicellular

Mold

SHAPE: YEAST VS MOLD Filamentous fungi, Threadlike

Molds

GROWTH APPEARANCE: YEAST VS MOLD Fuzzy appearance and can be an orange, green, black, brown.

Mold

GROWTH APPEARANCE: YEAST VS MOLD White and butterlike CONSISTENCY

Yeast

HYPHAE: YEAST VS CELL Do not have true hyphae. Instead they form structures called pseudo-hyphae.

Yeast

REPRODUCTION: YEAST VS CELL Sexually and asexually reproduce into multicellular form. Sporangiospores and Conidia Zygospores, Ascospores, and Basidiospores

Mold

HYPHAE: YEAST VS CELL have microscopic filaments called hyphae.

Mold

REPRODUCTION: YEAST VS CELL They reproduce mostly asexually (budding). * Asexual = Blastospores * Sexual = None

Yeast

BENEFICIAL USE: YEAST VS CELL Making of alcoholic beverages which contain ethanol, used in baking, bioremediation, industrial ethanol production, probiotics, and food addictive or flavors.

Yeast

BENEFICIAL USE: YEAST VS CELL Useful in biodegradation, food production (cheese)

Mold

HEALTH HAZARD: YEAST VS CELL Can cause infection in individuals with compromised immune systems.

Yeast

HEALTH HAZARD: YEAST VS MOLD Can cause allergic reactions and respiratory problems.

Mold

Fungi reproduces?

sexually and / or asexually

- having only one growth phase, only exist in yeast form - Example : yeast and yeast-like organism

MONOMORPHISM

- ability of fungi to exist in two forms(e.g. yeast or mold) depending on the growth condition - Example : Systemic fungi (e.g. Blastomyces, Coccidioides)

DIMORPHISM

- have both yeast and mold form in the same culture. - Example : Exophiala spp.

POLYMORPHISM

Life cycle (ontogeny) of fungi consists of

A. Somatic Phase – feeding stage B. Reproductive phase

Fungi that reproduce sexually and / or asexually are termed as

PERFECT FUNGI

Fungi that reproduce by asexual means are termed as

FUNGI IMPERFECTI

In both sexual and asexual reproduction, ______ produce spores that disperse from the parent organism

fungi

involves the body of a fungal thallus. No production of seeds or spores by meiosis or syngamy.

vegetative reproduction

Types of asexual reproduction

1. Fragmentation 2. Fission 3. Budding 4. Spore formation

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION occurs when a fungal mycelium separates into pieces with each component growing into a separate mycelium.

Fragmentation

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION the pinching off of an offspring, from the parent cell. The offspring cell is genetically identical to the parent

Budding

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION simple splitting of a cell into two daughter cells

Fission

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION - they are readily dispersed and are capable of germination when growth conditions are favorable more resistant to adverse condition - Can be derived from both asexual and sexual reproduction

Spore

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION - a reproductive structure of fungi and some other organisms, containing one or more cells. - small unit of propagule capable of giving rise to a new individual.

Spore

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION - produced after mitosis without involvement of meiosis - Genetically identical

Asexual Spores

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION The simplest mechanism of spore formation involves the differentiation of preformed ________. Spores generated are termed as ___________.

mycelium thallospores

MAJOR TYPES OF ASEXUAL SPORES Asexual spores usually produced at the tip or side of hyphae or on stalk or special spore-producing structures called ___________.

Conidia; conidiophores

MAJOR TYPES OF ASEXUAL SPORES ___________ are spores that are produced in an enclosed, sac-like structure, called a ______, at the end of the sporangiophores.

Sporangiospores; sporangium

MAJOR TYPES OF ASEXUAL SPORES The process of conidium formation is called

conidiogenesis

METHODS OF CONIDIOGENESIS - differentiate via expansion from the conidiogenous cell. - the cell wall of this cell is locally weakened and the developing conidium bulges out and is delineated by a septum.

Blastic Conidia

METHODS OF CONIDIOGENESIS expansion of a cell includes the complete cell wall (inner and outer wall) of the conidiogenous cell.

Holoblastic

METHODS OF CONIDIOGENESIS the cell wall of the conidiogenous cell is disrupted and the conidium appears through an opening in the cell wall

Enteroblastic

METHODS OF CONIDIOGENESIS a preexisting cell differentiates into a conidium.

Thallic

METHODS OF CONIDIOGENESIS involves the entire cell wall (inner and outer wall) of the hypha.

Holothallic

METHODS OF CONIDIOGENESIS conidia produced in succession along the entire length of the hypha

Thallic–arthric

TERMINOLOGIES asexual spore produced blastically either singly or synchronously in chain from the parent cell

Blastoconidium

TERMINOLOGIES conidium produced from an annelide

Annelloconidium

TERMINOLOGIES asexual conidium produced directly from the hyphae and released from this structure through fragmentation

Arthroconidia

TERMINOLOGIES non motile sporangiospores

Aplanospores

TERMINOLOGIES sexual spore formed on a basidium following karyogamy and meiosis

Basidiospore

TERMINOLOGIES swollen thick walled vesicles that do not reproduce

Chlamydospores

TERMINOLOGIES asexual spore produced directly from the hyphae, have thickened walls and is larger than the surrounding hyphal cells

Chlamydoconidium

TERMINOLOGIES mycelia from which the reproductive structures form

Fertile hyphae

TERMINOLOGIES spore formed within a spherule by cleavage of the cytoplasm

Endospore

TERMINOLOGIES Holoblastic conidium produced through pores in the cell wall of the conidiogenous cell or conidiophore

Poroconidium

TERMINOLOGIES conidium borne from a phialide

Phialoconidia

TERMINOLOGIES the larger of the two types of conidia produced through holothallic mode of conidiogenesis

Macroconidium

TERMINOLOGIES primary asexual reproductive structures formed in a sac called sporangium

Sporongiospore

TERMINOLOGIES Round thick walled spore formed in a zygosporangium by fusion of the tips of two compatible hypha.

Zygospore

3 stages of sexual reproduction of fungi

1. Plasmogamy 2. Karyogamy 3. Meosis

THREE STAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI newly-produced diploid cell can undergo meiosis to regenerate haploid cells, and this often is as a response to nutrient limitation

Meiosis

BASIS OF TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION T/F: Species may be recognized and defined on the basis of its asexual state (Telemorph) ; but, its sexual identity (Anamorph), may have a different name.

F; asexual = anamorph, sexual = telemorph

THREE STAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI union or fusion of haploid cells of compatible mating types

Plasmogamy

THREE STAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF FUNGI fusion of the two haploid nuclei

Karyogamy

BASIS OF TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION T/F: Taxonomic classification depends on pigmentation, growth temperatures, the pattern of conidiogeny and / or sporogeny, appearance of microscopic structures

BASIS OF TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION T/F: It is based on the mechanism and spores that result from sexual reproduction

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI Glomeromycota asexual & sexual reproduction

Asexual Reproduction: Sporangiospores and sporangiosphores Sexual Reproduction: Zygospores

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI Profuse to gray to white, aerial mycelia; hyaline sparsely septate hypha

Order Mucorales

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI EXAMPLES Mucoromycotina Genera: Actinomucor, Apophysomyces, Cokemyces, Cunninghamella, Lichtheimia, Mucor, Rhizomucor, Rhizopus, Saksenaea, Syncephalastrum

Glomeromycota

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI Subphyla : Mucoromycotina, Entomophthoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina, Zoopagomycotina

Glomeromycota

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI Class Ascomycetes

Ascomycota

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI EXAMPLES Microsporum spp. Trichphyton spp. Scedosprium boydii

Ascomycota

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI - Molds have septate hyphae - Sexual reproduction involves a sac or ascus in which karyogamy and meiosis occur producing ascospores - Asexual Reproduction : conidia

Ascomycota

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI Sterile mold

Basidiomycota

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI Sexual reproduction results in four progeny basidiospores supported by club shaped basidium

Basidiomycota

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI Filobasidiella neoformans (telemorph) (anamorph- Cryptococcus neoformans) Mushroom

Basidiomycota

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI Hypha have complex septa. Clamp connections occur at the septation in the vegetative hypha.

Basidiomycota

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI Artificial grouping of the imperfect fungi for which the teleomorph or sexual reproduction has not been discovered.

Fungi Imperfecta (Deuteromycetes)

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI Anamorphic state is characterized by asexual conidia

Fungi Imperfecta (Deuteromycetes)

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI Coccidiodes immitis Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis Candida albican

Fungi Imperfecta (Deuteromycetes)

FUNGI CAN BE: whole fungus, composed of the sexual and asexual phase

HOLOMORPH

SEXUAL SPORES Fruiting body + capable of reproducing spores

ASCOCARP

FUNGI CAN BE: *These are FUNGI that do not possess a SEXUAL STATE * Examples: Candida; Torulopsis, Epidermophyton

FUNGI IMPERFECTI (Deuteromycota)

SEXUAL SPORES spores enclosed in an ASCUS following karyogamy

ASCOSPORES

SEXUAL SPORES The sexual life cycle of __________ can be either heterothallic (self-incompatible) or homothallic (self-compatible).

ascomycetes

SEXUAL SPORES exist in two mating types, and mating occurs only between sexual structures of opposite mating type.

Heterothallic fungi

SEXUAL SPORES every strain is able to complete the sexual cycle without a mating partner.

homothallic fungus

MAJOR TYPES OF THE MULTICELLULAR ASCOMATA - Rounded, closed - Asoegillus nidulans - Plectomycetes

Cleistothecium

SEXUAL SPORES is typically controlled by genes that reside in the mating-type locus.

Sexual reproduction

MAJOR TYPES OF THE MULTICELLULAR ASCOMATA - Flash-shaped - Neurospora crassa - Pyrenomycetes

Perithecium

MAJOR TYPES OF THE MULTICELLULAR ASCOMATA - Cup shaped - Discomycetes

Apothecium

MAJOR TYPES OF THE MULTICELLULAR ASCOMATA - Flask but fatter - Cochliobolus heterostrophus - Loculoascomycetes

Pseudothecium

SEXUAL SPORES spores are formed inside a basidium (club shaped reproductive structure)

BASIDIOSPORES

SEXUAL SPORES thick walled spores formed by fusion of 2 hyphal strands (homothallic)

ZYGOSPORES

SEXUAL SPORES fusion of cells from 2 separate non- identical hypha

OOSPORES