1M Flashcards
study of microbes; most of these microbes essentially need the use of various types of microscopes in order to be seen and studied.
Microbiology
very small living and nonliving entities.
MICROBES
2 MAJOR CATEGORIES OF MICROBES
Acellular microbes and Cellular microbes
“infectious particles” ; includes viruses and prions, lack the cell structure and organelles
Acellular microbes
include all bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi
Cellular microbes
disease-causing microbes
PATHOGENS
microbes that do not cause disease
NON-PATHOGENS
resident microbes in a particular organ/organ system
INDIGENOUS MICROBIOTA
resident microbiota primarily
bacteria and fungi
bacteria that live on the skin are anaerobes, most commonly species of
Staphylococcus epidermidis, other staphylococci, Corynebacterium, and Propionibacterium
contains abundant and varied population of microbes because area is moist and warm
Upper respiratory tract
free of microbes because of inherent defense mechanisms
Lower respiratory tract
shelter for numerous anaerobic and aerobic bacteria
microbiota of the oral cavity
most common indigenous microbiota of the mouth
various species of ahemolytic streptococci
formation of dental plaque
Streptococcus mutans
Helicobacter pylori bacteria
Can survive and found in ulcers
abundant microbes
jejunum and ileum
contains the largest number and variety of
microorganisms, most often obligate, aerotolerant, and
facultative anaerobes
colon
microorganisms most often present in colon
obligate, aerotolerant, and facultative anaerobes
why are microbes from the GI tract removed?
result of defecation
strile organs
kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, inner ear, middle ear, reproductive organs except vagina
Pathogens that usually don’t cause any problem but have the potential to if they gain access to a part where they do not belong
OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS
a pathogen colonizes the body and subsequently causes disease
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
when a person ingests a toxin that has been pre-formed by a microbe.
MICROBIAL INTOXICATION
the basic unit of life or the fundamental structure of any living organism.
CELL
refers to all the chemical reactions that occur within the cell such as cell division for it to reproduce and production of ATP for growth and other activities.
METABOLISM
is like the skin around the cell which separates it from the external environment and it also regulates the passage of different materials into and out of the cells because of its property of selective permeability
CELL MEMBRANE
THIS IS WHERE THE MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES EXIST!
NUCLEUS
acts as the command center of the cell
NUCLEUS
like the cytoplasm in the nucleus, gel-like substance
NUCLEOPLASM
in eukaryotic, there’s DNA, then located along it are the genes that carry genetic information
CHROMOSOME
used to encode proteins
GENES
the envelope that covers the nucleus
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
semifluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix where the organelles are immersed
CYTOPLASM
convoluted
membranes that serve as the transport network of tubules and flattened sacs within the cytoplasm
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
presence of ribosomes, protein synthesis
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
absence of ribosomes, lipid synthesis, detoxification
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
the body that connects with the ER. It packages the proteins formed in the ER into small vesicles for storage and export outside the cell
GOLGI COMPLEX
vesicles originating from the Golgi apparatus. It also contains lysozyme and other digestive enzymes in charge of PHAGOCYTOSIS and APOPTOSIS
LYSOSOMES
the engulfing and digesting large particles of pathogens by phagocytes
PHAGOCYTOSIS
is the breaking down old or worn-out parts of the cell
APOPTOSIS
vesicles in which Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is broken down by the enzyme catalase. H2O2 is needed to be broken down to water and oxygen to be less toxic in a process called DETOXIFICATION
PEROXISOMES
powerhouse of the cell because it produces ATP made from our food sources
MITOCHONDRIA
present in SOME eukaryotic cells. It provides rigidity, shape and protection of the cell . Its structure in eukaryotes is much simpler compared to prokaryotes
CELL WALL
present in SOME eukaryotic cells. It is long, thin, helps in motility of the cell. It has a whip-like movement and consists of 3 or more threads of protein called FLAGELLIN, twisted like a rope
FLAGELLA
present in SOME eukaryotic cells - shorter, thinner, more numerous - for locomotion by beating in a coordinated rhythmic movement
CILIA
(in prokaryotic cell) only contains a single, long, supercoiled DNA - serves as the CONTROL CENTER OF BACTERIAL CELL
CHROMOSOME
present in SOME prokaryotic cells. It is small, circular molecule of double-stranded DNA, referred to as extrachromosomal DNA because it’s not part of the chromosome and is found in most bacteria
PLASMID
hair like structures common in GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA, consist of polymerized protein called PILIN. Is much thinner than flagella, have rigid structure, not associated with motility
PILI / FIMBRIAE
2 types of pili
SEX PILI and ANCHORING PILI
facilitates transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to another after attachment
SEX PILI
helps the bacteria anchor themselves to surfaces and then able to cause diseases
ANCHORING PILI
a copy of chromosome and some cytoplasm is enclosed in thick protein coats, which is now resistant to heat, cold, and to the harsh external and internal environment, formed during the process of sporulation, made up of Calcium Dipicolinate
SPORES
PARTS OF A PROKARYOTIC CELL
CELL MEMBRANE, CHROMOSOME, CYTOPLASM, PLASMID, PILI / FIMBRIAE, SPORES, CELL WALL, FLAGELLA, GLYCOCALYX
PARTS OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL
CELL MEMBRANE, NUCLEUS, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER), GOLGI COMPLEX, LYSOSOMES, PEROXISOMES, MITOCHONDRIA, CELL WALL, FLAGELLA, CILIA
Causes diarrhea
Escherichia
Importance of capsule
Antiphagocytic function which causes it tobe stronger
Example of capsule bacteria
Neisseria meningiditis, streptococcus pneumoniae, klebsiella pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae
