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CSB013 > 1hr lectures > Flashcards

1hr lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomy

A

Patients making decision without influence

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2
Q

Beneficence

A

Duty of care, improving quality of care

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3
Q

Non-maleficence

A

Medical practitioner has a duty to do no harm or allow harm to be caused to a patient through neglect

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4
Q

Justice

A

Treat Everyone equally

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5
Q

What are the principles of biomedical ethics

A

Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice

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6
Q

What features are key to building professional-patient relationships?

A

Confidentiality - entrusted with private information
Fidelity - devotion to fulfilling duties and obligations
Veracity - Telling the truth, neither lying nor deceiving

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7
Q

Registration

A

Protects public by ensuring only appropriately qualified personnel who meet professional standards

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8
Q

MRPBA

A

Code of conduct for registered health professionals

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9
Q 
Meaning of these prefixes
a, an
contra
dys
hyper
onc 
peri
quad
tachy
A 
a, an = no, not, without
contra = against, opposite 
dys = Painful, difficult 
hyper = excessive 
onc = tumour 
peri = around 
quad = four 
tachy = rapid
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10
Q 
Suffix
algia 
aemia
graphy
itis
osis
oma
logy
A 
algia  = pain
aemia = blood condition
graphy = process of recording
itis = inflammation
osis = condition
oma = tumour
logy = study of
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11
Q 
Root words
Arthro
Carcino
Gastro
Entero
Lipo
Haemato
Nephro
Osteo
A 
Arthro = joint
Carcino = cancerous
Gastro = stomach
Entero = intestines
Lipo = fat
Haemato = blood
Nephro = kidney
Osteo = bone
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12
Q

EMR/EHR

A

Electronic health record system generally considered as the portal through which clinicians access a patient’s health record

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13
Q

What is health informatics

A

Term used to encompass the rapidly evolving discipline of using computing, networking and communication to collect and move health information to medical and health practitioners to support individualised patient care

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14
Q

Objectives of eHealth

A

Increases quality safety and efficiency of patient care
Decreases cost in terms of service delivery
Improved communication

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15
Q

DICOM

A

Digital imaging and communication in medicine
CT, MRI, Nuc Med, Ultrasound, Digital radiography
Digital fluoroscopy

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16
Q

PACS

A

Picture Archiving and Communications Systems

Network allows acquisition, interpretation and storage of images in digital form

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17
Q

Image access

A

remote viewing consoles in hospital
Medical staff to access and reports in timely manner
External practitioners can access via internet or teleradiology

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18
Q

What 4 factors must be present for an infection to occur?

A
  1. A host
  2. Infectious microorganism
  3. Mode of transmission
  4. A reservoir
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19
Q

Name and explain 5 pathogens

A
  1. Bacteria – microscopic, single celled organism
  2. Virus – an ultra-microscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts
  3. Fungi - A fungal infection occurs when a fungi passes through the body’s resistance barriers, e.g. skin and is able to establish infections (due to penetrating the 1st line of defence of the immune system)
  4. Protozoa - Are one celled organisms and are the most primitive and simple organism in the animal kingdom  Examples of protozoa include amoeba, ciliates and flagellates  Examples of protozoal infections include malaria and giardiasis (also known as beaver fever)
  5. Prions - Smallest known infectious partial Prions contain no genetic material Examples include Creutzfeldt-Jakob (mad cow) disease, kuru disease
20
Q

What patients are most at risk of infection?

A
  • Cuts, wounds or abrasions
  • Patients with an open fracture
  • Burns patients
  • Patients with indwelling catheters (IDC)
  • Patients with endo-tracheal tubes (ETT)
  • Patients with port-a-caths or central lines
21
Q

Immune response

A

If a micro-organism penetrates the 1st line of defence of the body, it then comes in contact with the 2nd line of defence. This is known as the immune system. Macrophages (white blood cells) in our blood stream attack and destroy pathogens present. Antibodies are also produced in response to these antigens (are usually specific to a disease)
3rd line of defence – B cell & T cell lymphocytes These lymphocytes are produced in specific response to the pathogen which has been identified by the immune system The spleen plays an extremely important role in producing these lymphocytes
If a micro-organism is able to penetrate all lines of defence, then it is able to rapidly grow and multiply. This results in obstruction, causing tissue damage or secreting substances called exotoxins

22
Q

Which patients are most susceptible to infections

A

 Burns patients
 Patients undergoing chemotherapy
 Transplant patients
 Patients who have been in an accident and had a splenectomy
 Patients who have undergone major surgery and are patients in the intensive care unit (ICU)
 Seriously ill patients who have multiple organ failure
 Patients with HIV
 Children under the age of 5 and the elderly

23
Q

How do infections spread

A

Direct contact with a patient or staff member – generally through touching
Inadequate hand washing
Direct contact with bodily fluids
Contact with a contaminated piece of equipment or instrument

24
Q

Nosocomial infections

A

An opportunistic infection that is acquired in a hospital because
Patient have impaired immune system
Infection can bypass anatomic barriers
Introduction through medical equipment

25
Q

Causes of hospital infections

A
  • medical personnel
  • Patient flora
  • Many microorganisms
  • Improperly sterilised surgical equipment
  • Pathogens
  • Invasive procedures
26
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. It resides in the mucous membranes of humans, e.g. nose
- Is a member of the staphylococcus bacterial group which is resistant to the antibiotic methicillin and also other forms of antibiotics
- This makes it difficult to treat and can result in serious illness for the patient as it can infect the blood, lungs, bones and other major organs of the body
In patients that are not immuno-compromised, MRSA is generally limited to skin infections. This results in boils or an abscess if the infection gets under the skin. This is one of the most common forms of hospital acquired infections and is now present in large numbers in the community due to transmission methods.

27
Q

VRE

A

 Vancomycin resistant enterococcus  An enterococcus is a gram positive coccus that normally colonises the lower gastrointestinal tract and genital tract of healthy individuals
It is extremely difficult to treat this infection in an immunocompromised patient as there are few drugs which it will respond to and seriously ill patients may have conditions which prevent them from receiving these drugs

28
Q

Aseptic Technique

A

Definition:
Using practices and procedures to prevent contamination from pathogens.

Wash your hands before and after dealing with each patient you come in contact with
Clean all equipment and surfaces down between each patient using an antiseptic solution

MRSA – all staff are required to wear gown and gloves for each patient. At the conclusion of the simulation or treatment antibacterial solutions are used to clean all equipment and surfaces

 VRE – special cleaning teams from the hospital are required to clean the entire room before another patient can be simulated/treated. This is due to the high resistance of the microorganism.

 Gown and gloves (with or without a mask) must be worn by all staff coming in contact with the patient.

Wearing gloves whenever you come in contact with bodily fluids during your examination or treatment of a patient.

Wearing gloves when you are performing an invasive procedure, e.g. IV cannulation for a CT with contrast

29
Q

Poor manual handling practice impacts

A
  • Fractures
  • Shoulder injuries
  • Musculoskeletal disorders
  • Tissue injuries
  • Falls
30
Q

Lift technique

A

o Hold load close to your body – more control and less force required
o Avoid twisting your body – turn toes and body in the direction of the move
o Ensure good posture – stabilise spine
o Use your legs – use knees and hips to do the majority of work
o Lower centre of gravity
o Widen your base of support – place feet shoulder width apart
o Work between shoulder and waist level
o Move load over shortest distance or in stages
o Time the move with others – communicate when lift
o Get help
o Optimise patient position before commencing – shuffle to edge of the wheel chair, foot position underneath body not out in front, weight shift forward
o Involve the patient

31
Q

Assistive equipment

A

 Hoists  Hi-low beds  Slide boards  Slide sheets  Walking aids  Frames and walking sticks  Wheelchairs  Trolleys

32
Q

How to move a bariatric patient

A
  • 4-6 people needed to move safely
33
Q

Environmental risk control

A
  • Spills, cords
  • Enough space to move yourself and the patient
  • Correct/appropriate clothing
  • Equipment safety
  • Utilisation of equipment
  • Lighting
  • Noise level
34
Q

What is primary research

A

 First-hand gathering of data

35
Q

What is secondary research

A

 data and information gathered by others and acknowledged appropriately (e.g., literature review)

36
Q

Qualitative research approaches

A

o Descriptive
o Evaluates subjective life experiences
o Focuses on understanding phenomena from an individual’s perspective
o May use observation, interviews, case studies

37
Q

Quantitative Research Approaches

A

o Formal objective and systematic process
o Uses measurements. Hypotheses, data analysis and testing
o Approaches such as experiments, surveys (used to gather quantitative data)

38
Q

What is triangulation

A
  • Uses both design methods to collect data
  • Combination of research designs and data collection techniques in same project
  • Quantitative and Qualitative can be complementary
    o Combine experimental measurement and observation or interview
39
Q

What are the Australian Codes of ethics

A

o National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research

o Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research

40
Q

What is evidence based practice

A
  • Is the process of systematically finding, appraising and using contemporary research findings to improve clinical practice
  • Modern clinical practice developed from research evidence
  • EBO is not about conducting primary research it is about using research
  • clinical expertise, patient preference, research evidence
41
Q

4 steps in evidence based practice

A
  • Formulate a clear clinical question
  • Search the literature for relevant articles etc. relating to the question
  • Evaluate the evidence for its validity, reliability and usefulness in your patient situation
  • Implement useful findings in clinical practice to improve patient outcomes
42
Q

Explain Randomised Controlled Trials

A
  • The gold standard of evidence based practice
  • A group of patients are randomly separated into two groups
    o Control group (placebo/standard treatment)
    o Treatment group (what you are trying to test)
  • Follow up both groups
  • Compare the results of both groups
43
Q

What is IHBI

A
  • Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation
    o Encompassing prevention, intervention and translation

Prevention:
- Research in disease susceptibility and identify factors involved in risk of disease or injury

Intervention:
- Develop strategies to prevent disease progression, complications, onset of ageing, etc.

Translation
- Ensure knowledge from research is effective in assisting patients

  • Researcher are from QUT’s Faculties of Health and Science and Engineering
  • Injury Prevention and Trauma Management
    o Orthopaedics, Trauma and Emergency Care
44
Q

What is MERF

A
  • Medical Engineering Research Facility
    o Facilities include operating theatres, cell culture laboratories, materials testing laboratories and mechanical and electrical workshops
    o Has three main area of research
     Anatomical and surgical skills laboratory
     Biological Research Facility
     Research Laboratories
45
Q

What is TRI

A
  • The translational research institute is a unique, Australian-first initiative of ‘bench to bedside’ medical research
  • Key research themes are: Cancer, Genomics, Immunology, Metabolomics, Telehealth and Trauma

CSB013 (9 decks)

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