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RHS L2 Sarah - 1/2/3/4 > 1.Flowers, Fruit and Seeds > Flashcards

1.Flowers, Fruit and Seeds Flashcards

1
Q

3.11 State the function of flowers

A
  • Aid pollination and reproduction
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2
Q

3.12 Label these key parts of a monocotyledon flower:

  1. receptacle,
  2. tepal,
  3. sepal,
  4. petal,
  5. calyx,
  6. corolla,
  7. nectary,
  8. anther,
  9. filament,
  10. stamen,
  11. stigma,
  12. style,
  13. ovary,
  14. ovule
  15. Perianth
A
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3
Q

3.12a Describe the structure and the function of Perianth

A
  • Collective term for calyx and corolla (sepals and petals)
  • Easy to see on Diocots - sepals are clearly distinct - often visable from behind
  • Harder to see on Monocots - nearly indistinguishable
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4
Q

3.12a Describe the structure and the function of receptacle

A
  • Thickened part at the end of the flower stalk on which the organs of a flower grow
  • Holds all the floral parts together
  • May keep the flower in an elevated position to attract pollinating insects
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5
Q

3.12b Describe the structure of tepal

A
  • Describes the sepal or petal when the two can not be easily told apart
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6
Q

3.12c Describe the structure and the function of sepal

A
  • A single part of the outermost whorl, the calyx, usually green
  • Protect the the unopened developing flower
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7
Q

3.12d Describe the structure and state the function of petal

A
  • Single unit of the corolla, or second floral whorl
  • Often brightly coloured
  • Attract pollinating insects thereby increasing the chance of pollination
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8
Q

3.12e Describe the structure and the function of calyx

A
  • Collective term for sepals
  • Protects the developing flower
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9
Q

3.12f Describe the structure and the function of corolla

A
  • Collective term for petals
  • Attract pollinating insects thereby increasing the chance of pollination
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10
Q

3.12g Describe the structure and the function of nectary

A
  • Organ in which nectar is formed and stored
  • Produce nectar which attracts pollinating insects thereby increasing the chance of pollination
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11
Q

3.12h Describe the structure and the function of anther

A
  • Part of the stamen containing the pollen
  • Produce male sex cells needed for reproduction
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12
Q

3.12i Describe the structure and the function of filament

A
  • Slender stalk that attaches to the base of the flower
  • Supports the anther
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13
Q

3.12j Describe the structure and state the function of stamen

A
  • Combination of the filament and anther
  • Produce the pollen grains which house the male sex cells
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14
Q

3.12k Describe the structure and the function of stigma

A
  • Often sticky
  • Adapted to catch and trap pollen
  • Receives pollen on the female organ of a flower
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15
Q

3.12l Describe the structure and the function of style

A
  • Part of the female organ
  • Between the ovary and the stigma
  • Often long and slender
  • Assists pollination by transporting pollen grains to the egg
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16
Q

3.12m Describe the structure and the function of ovary

A
  • Ovule-bearing part of the female organ
  • Often enlarged
  • Contains and produces ovules which may eventually become the fruit
17
Q

3.12n Describe the structure and the function of ovule

A
  • Immature seed in the ovary before fertilization
  • Produce female sex cells (eggs) needed for sexual reproduction
18
Q

3.13 State the meaning of ‘monoecious’ and dioecious’ in relation to plants.

State 2 examples of each

A

Monoecious

  • Plants with male and females flowers on the same plant
  • Or a plant where all flowers produce both functional male and female organs
  • Described as hermaphrodite
  • Majority of plants
  1. e.g. Cedrus atlantica
  2. e.g. Quercus robur

Dioecious

  • Plants with male and female flowers on different plants
  • Individual plants are effectively male or female
  • Can be describes as unisexual
  1. e.g. Juniperus communis
  2. e.g. Ilex aquifolium
19
Q

3.14 State the meaning of ‘pollination’

A
  • Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of a flower
  • First step in the process leading to fertilization.
20
Q

3.15 Describe the characteristics of wind pollinated plants

A
  • Inconspicuous often green colour
  • Minimal or no flowers
  • Scentless
  • Necterless
  • They have vast amounts of very light pollen
  • Stigma is proportionally larger, feathery and very sticky adapted to attract pollen
  • E.g Grasses and many Trees (Oaks, wheat, rice, barley)
21
Q

3.15 Describe the characteristics of bee (insect) pollinated plants

A
  • Bright colourful flowers
  • Often scented to attract pollinators
  • Contain nectar to entice reward visiting pollinators
  • Stigma and stamen tend to be shorter and sturdy
  • Larger, heavier pollen grains produced in smaller quantities
  • Not all plants can be pollinated by all bees, some need larger bee’s or other insects and may have specialised petals to attract a specific species
  • Not just bees/ insects, may also be bats, birds)
  • E.g Tomatoes, apples, beans
22
Q

3.21 State the meaning of the term ‘fertilisation’

A
  • The result of one male gamete, from pollen, reaching a female gamete, an egg cell, in the ovule which produce a new embryo of the same species
  • The pollen must be deposited on the right female part of the flower - Stigma
23
Q

3.22a State the meaning of the term fruit

A
  • Formed from the ovary wall usually following fertilisation and encloses the seed
24
Q

3.22b State the meaning of the term seed

A
  • The structure that develops from the ovule after fetilisation, it contains the plant embryo
  • Contains nutrients to survive
25
Q

3.22a State the function of fruits

A
  • Seed distribution
  • Protection of the seed against extreme conditions
  • May impose dormancy / inhibit germination
26
Q

3.23b State the function of seeds

A
  • Protection of the embryo against extreme conditions
  • In annuals they allow seed to survive unfavorable conditions
  • May impose dormancy until favorable conditions arise
  • Gives rise to new plants
  • Transmit genetic diversity
  • Shape and size have developed to aid distribution
27
Q

3.24a Describe the means by which seeds are dispersed: wind.

Name two plant examples for the above

A

Seeds are dispersed by wind in the following ways:

  • Wing some woody species produced winged fruits
  • Parachute some fruits have tiny feathery parachutes
  • E.g Acer sp
28
Q

3.24b Describe the means by which seeds are dispersed: water.

A
  • Aquatic plants or those growing close to rivers and seashores use the moving water to aid seed dispersal
  • Buoyant fruit or seed is carried away by the moving water
  • E.g Nymphaea spp (water lilies)
29
Q

3.24c Describe the means by which seeds are dispersed explosive.

A
  • Fruit splits open propelling the seeds into the air
  • Can be caused by a build up of water pressure
  • Or due to tension caused as the seed dries
  • E.g Geranium sp
30
Q

3.24d Describe the means by which seeds are dispersed: animals.

A
  • Attachement hooked fruits become attached to animal fur when the plant is brushed against
  • Scatter hoarding birds or mamals may collect and disperse fruits, such as squirrels collecting acorns from oak trees e.g. Quercus robur
  • Frugivory fruits are eaten by animals, the seeds pass though the animals digestive system to be deposited elsewhere
31
Q

3.25c Describe and state the function of the testa

A
  • Seed coat
  • Encloses the embryo
  • Waterproof and air tight
  • May contain germination inhibitors enabling dormancy until favourable conditions (after cold winter, or fire)
  • Protects the embryo against physical damage and desication
32
Q

3.25d Describe and state the function of the cotyledon

A
  • Seed leaf
  • Part of the embryo
  • May be one or two depending on whether it is a moncotyledon or dicotyledon
  • Becomes the first leaf / leaves of a seedling when germination occurs
  • May occupy a large part of the seed
  • Once grown is the first site of photosynthesis
  • May also act as a food store for the embryo
33
Q

3.25f Describe and state the function of the embryo

A
  • Contained in a seed
  • Immature plant waiting for favorable growing conditions
  • Consisting of cotyledon/s (seed leaves), radicle (root) and plumule (stem)
  • Once the embryo begins to germinate it is called a seedling
34
Q

3.25g Describe and state the function of the radicle

A
  • Part of the embryo which develops into the first root arising from the germinating seed
  • Embryonic root system which will take up water and nutrients from the earth
35
Q

3.26a Describe Epigeal germination

A
  • Meaning ‘above ground’
  • The epicotal lengthens pushing seed above ground
  • The cotyledons then emerge above ground
  • E.g Brassica spp (Cabbage)
36
Q

3.26b Describe Hypogeal germination

A
  • Means ‘below ground’
  • The cotyledons stay below ground level
  • The plume pushes through the earth to the light
  • E.g Phaseolus vulgaris (French bean)
37
Q

State the differences between sexual and vegetative reproduction in plants

A

Sexual

  • Usually involves flowers
  • Fusion of male and female gametes
  • Produces seed
  • Genetic diversity is possible
  • Therefore adaption to changing environments
  • e.g Calendula officinalis

Vegetative

  • Non-sexual
  • Can be natural (Rhizomes, suckers)
  • Nursery production (Division, cuttings)
  • Offspring are genetically identical
  • Not able to adapt
  • e.g Ranunculus repens
38
Q

State the difference between Indehiscent and dehiscent fruit/seed

A

Indehiscent

  • Fruit and seed are combined
  • May need decay to separate
  • E.g nuts, Hazel
  • E.g Maple fruit

Dehiscent

  • Fruit forms a casing to protect seed
  • Casing needs to be broken for seeds to disperse
  • E.g Poppy

RHS L2 Sarah - 1/2/3/4 (21 decks)

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