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Morphology > 1.dio > Flashcards

1.dio Flashcards

1
Q

morphemes

A

the building blocks of morphology. smallest units of language that carry a meaning. they can be bound and free.
free morphemes are simple words e.g. house, work
bound morphemes cannot stand alone and must be attached to a base in order to receive meaning

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2
Q

derivational morphology

A

deals with the formation of words out of a combination of elements. derivational morphemes usually change the meaning or the word class of the affected word e.g. un-able, arrive-al

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3
Q

inflectional morphology

A 
deals with how the word changes /varies in its form in order to express grammatical contrasts. inflectional morphemes do not change the meaning or word class of the affected word.
there are 8 inflectional morphemes
3rd person present
possessive s
plural 
past tense
past participle
present participle
comparative
superlative
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4
Q

4 main processes of word formation

A

prefix, suffix, conversion, compounding

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5
Q

formation of nouns

A

prefixation-doesn’t change meaning or class- arch-bishop
suffix- changes meaning or class- arrive-arrival
compounding- chairman, gunfire
conversion- he is white- the whites of his eyes

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6
Q

formation of verbs

A

prefixation- re-write
suffix- active-ate
compounding- high-light, hand-wash

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7
Q

formation of adjectives

A

adding derivational suffixes- effect-ive, act-ive

adjectival compounds- full-time, greyish-blue

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8
Q

formation of adverbs

A

simple adverbs- well, too, quite
compound adverbs- anyway, nowhere
suffixation- clearly
fixed phrases- of course, kind of

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9
Q

neo classical compound

A

compound where at least 1 of the components is a combining form
there are initial and final c. forms
eco-logical, pest-icide

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10
Q

initialism

A

formation of words by combining initial letters of sequence of words
acronyms- pronounced as words- NATO
abbreviations- pronounced as sequence of letters- FBI

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11
Q

clipping

A

cutting of part of an existent word
original is a word that is being clipped, the source of clipping
surplus is the phonological material that is cut away
residue is a new base, remaining material
plain clipping- consists of just the residue; it can be back clipping, fore clipping and ambi clipping
embellished clipping- when other operations apply to the residue to produce a longer word

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12
Q

blending

A

combining parts of 2 or more word to create a new word

telebanking

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13
Q

backformation

A

a derivational affix detaches from the base to create a new word
bartender- bartend

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14
Q

coinages

A

neologisms, completely new words created deliberately or accidentally- frisbee

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15
Q

nonce words

A

new word formed through any number of w.f.p. with resulting word not expected to occur- jabberwocky

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16
Q

borrowing

A

from another language, algebra, bagel

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17
Q

calquing

A

translating a borrowed word from one language to another

blue blood

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18
Q

Morphophonological alternants

A

different forms an element takes in different morphological environments.

19
Q

Vowel alternations

A
  • /aɪ/ - /ɪ/ malign – malignant
  • /i:/ - /e/ obscene – obscenity
  • /eɪ/ - /æ/ profane – profanity
  • /aʊ/ - /ʌ/ abound – abundant
20
Q

Consonant alterations

A

Velar softening – /k/ - /s/; /g/ - /ʤ/, electric, electricity; analogue, analogy
Alveolar plosive versus fricative – /t/ - /ʃ/ or /s/, hesitate – hesitation; /d/ - /ʒ/ or /z/, invade – invasion
Absence versus presence of plosive with nasal – 0 - /g/ or /b/, paradigm – paradigmatic, iamb – iambic

21
Q

Spelling alternations

A

Consonant doubling – a base ending in a simple vowel followed by a simple consonant has the last letter doubled before a vowel; bag – baggage, dog – doggie.
E-deletion – mute e is generally deleted before a vowel-initial suffix (abuse – abusive, believe – believable, drive – driver
Mute e can be deleted before a consonant-initial suffix (due – duly, true – truly, whole – wholly)
Y-replacement – base-final y is normally replaced by i before suffixes that do not begin with i (apply – applicant, carry – carriage, glory – glorious)

22
Q

Open classes

A 
(lexical words) – constantly changing their membership
•	Noun
•	Lexical verb
•	Adjective
•	Adverb
23
Q

Closed classes

A 
(grammatical words, function words) – relatively stable and unchanging in the language
•	Pronoun (she)
•	Determiner (the)
•	Auxiliary verb (be, can)
•	Preposition (in)
•	Conjunction (and)
•	Modal (may)
•	Quantifier (some)
24
Q

Nouns

A

denote people, animals, inanimate things, places, events, qualities, states. Main types: common and proper
Common countable nouns – indefinite singular a cow, plural cows; definite singular the cow, plural the cows
Common uncountable nouns – indefinite milk; definite the milk
Proper nouns – Matthew

25
Q

Proper nouns:

A
  • Personal names
  • Place names
  • Organization names
  • Time names
26
Q

Definite article + proper noun:

A
  • multi-word expressions (the White House)
  • Single proper noun (the Vatican, The Hague)
  • Geographical names (the Nile)
  • Plural geographical names (the Himalayas)
  • Hotels, restaurants, theatres, museums, libraries (the Ritz)
  • Names of ships (the Titanic)
  • Newspapers and periodicals (the New York Times)
27
Q

Syntactic characteristics of nouns:

A
  • Preceded by determiners (a house)
  • Modified by adjectives (a large house)
  • Premodified by other nouns (a country house)
  • As a subject agrees in person and number with the verb (his house was redecorated)
28
Q

Verbs

A

Lexical verbs – open class, denote type of action, state or event. They can occur as multi-word units (He turned on the lights; I looked at him again)

Auxiliary verbs – closed class. Consisting of be, have and do. Indicate clause type (interrogative, negative), tense, aspect, passive voice.

Modal verbs – closed class consisting of:
core-modals
semi-modals
modal-expressions

  • Lexical verbs function only as main verbs
  • Primary verbs (be, have and do) can function as both auxiliary and main verbs
  • Modal verbs function only as auxiliary verbs
29
Q

Adjectives

A

describe properties, qualities, or states attributed to a noun or pronoun
Characteristics of adjectives:
• Attributive function – An ugly painting
• Predicative function – The painting is ugly. He thought the painting ugly
• Intensifier – very – They are very happy
• Comparative and superlative forms
• Gradable
Central adjectives – adjectives which can occur attributively and predicatively, have comparative and superlative forms and are gradable (happy)
Peripheral adjectives – adjectives that do not fulfill the criteria of central adjectives (utter, afraid)

30
Q

Adverbs

A

indicate the time, manner, place, degree, and frequency of an event, action, or process.
Function:
• Modify adjectives (utterly, hopelessly, terribly depressed)
• Enough and ago are postposed (She was pleased enough to see me; That seems long ago)
• Modify other adverbs (They’ll figure it out really fast)
• Function as adverbials (He did it slowly)

31
Q

Determiners

A

– indicate the kind of reference a particular noun phrase has. Occur before the noun acting as head of the noun phrase.
Determiners occur in a fixed order: I predeterminers, II central determiners, III postdeterminers
(I) Predeterminers
• all, both, half,
• such (a), what (a),
• multipliers: double, one third, three quarters, twice…
(II) Central determiners
• the articles the, a/an,
• demonstrative determiners – this, that, these, those
• possessive determiners – my, his
• wh- determiners – which, whose
• negative determiners – no
• universal determiners – every, each
• dual determiners – either, neither
• general determiners – some, any
• quantitative determiners - enough
(III) Postdeterminers
• Ordinals – first, fourth, last, other
• Quantifiers – seven, many, much, a few, a little

32
Q

Pronouns

A

fill the position of a noun
• Personal -you, it
• Reflexive – I taught myself
• Possessive – mine, yours, his
• Demonstrative – this, that, these, those
• Reciprocal – each other
• Indefinite – everybody, somebody, anyone, nothing, all, some, many…
• Relative – who, whom, which, whose, what
• Interrogative – who, whom, which, whose, what (What did he say?)

33
Q

Quantifiers

A

– quantifying determiners. All, some, any

34
Q

Prepositions

A

Prepositions are linking words that introduce prepositional phrases.
have short invariable forms (at, in, on, to, with, of, from, inside, within)
Complex prepositions
• a simple preposition preceded by a participle, adjective, adverb or conjunction (owing to, devoid of, away from, because of)
• a simple preposition followed by a noun and then a further simple preposition (in charge of, in addition to)

35
Q

Conjunctions

A

coordinators, subordinators
The main coordinators: and, but, or
Subordinators introduce dependent clauses – as, although, because, if, that, while, in order that, assuming that…

36
Q

Interjections

A

Exclamative utterances consisting of single words. They express positive or negative emotional reactions. (hooray, yeah, jeez, damn, oh no, ouch…)

37
Q

WORD-CLASS AMBIGUITIES

A

He plans to narrow his focus. Verb

Current review programs are too narrow. Adjective

38
Q

Noun phrase can be headed by a

A

a) proper noun – Dan lives in London
b) pronoun – Have you got (everything you need)
c) adjective – Show me how the impossible can be possible

39
Q

Complex noun phrases

A

a) The head
b) The premodifier
c) The postmodifier:
a. Prepositional phrase
i. The chair by the wall
b. Non-finite clauses
i. All the boys playing in the garden
c. Relative clauses
i. The car which she bought recently

40
Q

Types of premodifying items of noun phrase

A

a) Adjective – I visited his delightful cottage
b) Participle – I visited his crumbling/completed cotttage
c) -s genitive - I visited his fisherman’s cottage
d) Noun – I visited his country cottage
e) Adverbial – I visited his far-away cottage
f) Clause – I visited his pop-down-for-the-weekend cottage

41
Q

Adjectives as heads of noun phrases

A
  • Do not inflect for number or genitive
  • Require ‘the’
  • Plural and generic reference
42
Q

The genitive

A

a) Possessive genitive – Mrs Johnson’s cat
b) Genitive of attribute – The victim’s outrageous courage
c) Partitive genitive – The heart’s two ventricles
d) Subjective genitive – The parent’s comment
e) Objective genitive – The prisoner’s release
f) Genitive of origin – England’s cheeses
g) Descriptive genitive – Children’s shoes
h) Genitive of time – This week’s issue of Science magazine
Independent genitives
• Elliptic genitives – This isn’t my handwriting. It’s Selena’s
• They refer to people’s homes – I arrived at Fred’s house at 8:00
• Other places, such as a business – I like going to the dentist’s
• Commercial products and firms – An open bottle of Jack Daniel’s

The grammatical status of the genitive
 As determiner 
•	John’s new briefcase
As modifier  
•	They attended a women’s university
43
Q

Syntactic functions of a noun phrase

A
  • Subject – The new president is orange
  • Object – They all admired the president
  • Complement – He was elected president
  • Prepositional complement – A present was given [to the girl] – prep. Phrase
  • Noun phrase modifier – [the child actor] won an award
  • Adverbial – They had travelled [a very long way]
44
Q

VERB PHRASE

A

Finite verb phrase – distinctions of tense, includes modal auxiliaries
• He calls him every day
• You should call him
Non-finite verb phrase – does not show tense, no modal auxiliaries
to smoke like that must be dangerous

Morphology (2 decks)

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