1.dio Flashcards

Question

Proper nouns:

Answer 1

* Personal names * Place names * Organization names * Time names

Answer 2

* multi-word expressions (the White House) * Single proper noun (the Vatican, The Hague) * Geographical names (the Nile) * Plural geographical names (the Himalayas) * Hotels, restaurants, theatres, museums, libraries (the Ritz) * Names of ships (the Titanic) * Newspapers and periodicals (the New York Times)

Answer 3

* Preceded by determiners (a house) * Modified by adjectives (a large house) * Premodified by other nouns (a country house) * As a subject agrees in person and number with the verb (his house was redecorated)

Answer 4

Lexical verbs – open class, denote type of action, state or event. They can occur as multi-word units (He turned on the lights; I looked at him again) Auxiliary verbs – closed class. Consisting of be, have and do. Indicate clause type (interrogative, negative), tense, aspect, passive voice. Modal verbs – closed class consisting of: core-modals semi-modals modal-expressions * Lexical verbs function only as main verbs * Primary verbs (be, have and do) can function as both auxiliary and main verbs * Modal verbs function only as auxiliary verbs

Answer 5

describe properties, qualities, or states attributed to a noun or pronoun Characteristics of adjectives: • Attributive function – An ugly painting • Predicative function – The painting is ugly. He thought the painting ugly • Intensifier – very – They are very happy • Comparative and superlative forms • Gradable Central adjectives – adjectives which can occur attributively and predicatively, have comparative and superlative forms and are gradable (happy) Peripheral adjectives – adjectives that do not fulfill the criteria of central adjectives (utter, afraid)

Answer 6

indicate the time, manner, place, degree, and frequency of an event, action, or process. Function: • Modify adjectives (utterly, hopelessly, terribly depressed) • Enough and ago are postposed (She was pleased enough to see me; That seems long ago) • Modify other adverbs (They’ll figure it out really fast) • Function as adverbials (He did it slowly)

Answer 7

– indicate the kind of reference a particular noun phrase has. Occur before the noun acting as head of the noun phrase. Determiners occur in a fixed order: I predeterminers, II central determiners, III postdeterminers (I) Predeterminers • all, both, half, • such (a), what (a), • multipliers: double, one third, three quarters, twice… (II) Central determiners • the articles the, a/an, • demonstrative determiners – this, that, these, those • possessive determiners – my, his • wh- determiners – which, whose • negative determiners – no • universal determiners – every, each • dual determiners – either, neither • general determiners – some, any • quantitative determiners - enough (III) Postdeterminers • Ordinals – first, fourth, last, other • Quantifiers – seven, many, much, a few, a little

Answer 8

fill the position of a noun • Personal -you, it • Reflexive – I taught myself • Possessive – mine, yours, his • Demonstrative – this, that, these, those • Reciprocal – each other • Indefinite – everybody, somebody, anyone, nothing, all, some, many… • Relative – who, whom, which, whose, what • Interrogative – who, whom, which, whose, what (What did he say?)

Answer 9

– quantifying determiners. All, some, any

Answer 10

Prepositions are linking words that introduce prepositional phrases. have short invariable forms (at, in, on, to, with, of, from, inside, within) Complex prepositions • a simple preposition preceded by a participle, adjective, adverb or conjunction (owing to, devoid of, away from, because of) • a simple preposition followed by a noun and then a further simple preposition (in charge of, in addition to)

Answer 11

coordinators, subordinators The main coordinators: and, but, or Subordinators introduce dependent clauses – as, although, because, if, that, while, in order that, assuming that…

Answer 12

Exclamative utterances consisting of single words. They express positive or negative emotional reactions. (hooray, yeah, jeez, damn, oh no, ouch…)

Answer 13

He plans to narrow his focus. Verb | Current review programs are too narrow. Adjective

Answer 14

a) proper noun – Dan lives in London b) pronoun – Have you got (everything you need) c) adjective – Show me how the impossible can be possible

Answer 15

a) The head b) The premodifier c) The postmodifier: a. Prepositional phrase i. The chair by the wall b. Non-finite clauses i. All the boys playing in the garden c. Relative clauses i. The car which she bought recently

Answer 16

a) Adjective – I visited his delightful cottage b) Participle – I visited his crumbling/completed cotttage c) -s genitive - I visited his fisherman's cottage d) Noun – I visited his country cottage e) Adverbial – I visited his far-away cottage f) Clause – I visited his pop-down-for-the-weekend cottage

Answer 17

* Do not inflect for number or genitive * Require 'the' * Plural and generic reference

Answer 18

a) Possessive genitive – Mrs Johnson’s cat b) Genitive of attribute – The victim’s outrageous courage c) Partitive genitive – The heart’s two ventricles d) Subjective genitive – The parent’s comment e) Objective genitive – The prisoner’s release f) Genitive of origin – England’s cheeses g) Descriptive genitive – Children’s shoes h) Genitive of time – This week’s issue of Science magazine Independent genitives • Elliptic genitives – This isn’t my handwriting. It’s Selena’s • They refer to people’s homes – I arrived at Fred’s house at 8:00 • Other places, such as a business – I like going to the dentist’s • Commercial products and firms – An open bottle of Jack Daniel’s ``` The grammatical status of the genitive As determiner • John’s new briefcase As modifier • They attended a women’s university ```

Answer 19

* Subject – The new president is orange * Object – They all admired the president * Complement – He was elected president * Prepositional complement – A present was given [to the girl] – prep. Phrase * Noun phrase modifier – [the child actor] won an award * Adverbial – They had travelled [a very long way]

Answer 20

Finite verb phrase – distinctions of tense, includes modal auxiliaries • He calls him every day • You should call him Non-finite verb phrase – does not show tense, no modal auxiliaries to smoke like that must be dangerous