1b Postnatal and Child Development Flashcards
What is the name given to the future forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain?
Presencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
What are the three flexures of the developing brain which arise at 4 weeks of life?
cephalic, pontine and cervical flexures
At what stage of development does the brain develop into to the telencephalon, diencephalon, pons and medulla?
5 weeks
At what stage of development does the formation of the ventricles and aqueducts occur at?
8 weeks
What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?
executive function and concentration
What part of the brain is implicated in children with ADHD?
pre frontal cortex
What does the primary motor cortex do?
Nerves to skeletal muscle
What is the parietal, occipital and temporal lobes responsible for?
Parietal = sensory information from skin, MSK system, viscera
Occipital = visual
Temporal = auditory
What is the grey matter in he anterior section of the spinal cord responsible for?
Motor neurones
What are the extrapyramidal tracts responsible for?
Coordination of automated movements of locomotion and posture to painful stimuli - to maintain balance
Describe the reflex arc?
- Sensory receptor - responds to stimuli by producing a receptor potential
- Axon conducts impulse from receptor to coordinating center through the dorsal neurones via a sensory neurone
- This connects to the interneurone and the integration center
- Then to the motor neurone which conducts impulses to the effector which is a muscle of gland that responds to the motor nerve impulses
What is the Moro reflex?
When the babies neck is suddenly extended and the arms abduct and then adduct
When does the Moro reflex develop and disspear?
Develops - 28-32 weeks gestation
Should disapear between 3-6 months gestation
What is the persistence of primitive reflexes a sign of?
sign of impaired development
What is the standing reflex?
Extension of the lower extremities
Hips slightly flexed
Head free to turn
When does the standing reflex present?
From newborn to three months
What is the Grasp Reflex?
When an object is placed into the hands of a newborn, the fingers grasp the object tightly, and then stroking of the lateral side of the hand will release the fingers again
What is the grasp reflex replaced with?
voluntary movements of the hands around 6-9 months
What is the parachute reflex?
When the baby is placed in the forward tilting position - they will protect them selves with out stretched hands
What is development?
Global impression of a child - increase in understanding, acquisition of new skills and more sophisticated responses and behaviours
What are the four domains of child development?
Speech and language skills, social skills, gross motor skills and fine motor skills
Describe what happens when a baby is pulled to sit?
Lying down = limited flexed, symmetrical posture
Lift them up = lag of the head dye to the lack of maturity of the neck muscles
Describe the typical positioning of babies at 6-8 weeks and 6-8 months?
6-8 weeks = lying down by raises head to the 45 degree position
6-8 months = sitting upright unsupported, at 6 months ack might be rounded, but at 8 months, much straighter seated position
At what point in development is a baby able to roll independantly?
3-5 months
What is the typical age at which babies start to crawl?
8-9 months
At what age do babies start to pull them selves up to furniture?
10 months
At what age is the baby following an object or face by turning the head?
6 weeks
At what age will a baby be reaching out for toys?
4 months
At what age will babies be transfering objects from one hand to the next?
6-7 months
At what age will the bay develop a pincer grip?
10 months - able to hold object between their thumb and fore finger
At what age will a child be able to make marks with a crayon?
16-18 months
What is the first sign that a new born baby can hear?
responding / startled by loud noises
At what age will a baby vocalise alone or when spoken to, coo and laugh?
at 3-4 months
What hearing test is carried out at 7 months?
Hearing distraction test
What type of speech will babies displaying at 7-10 months?
Polysyllabic babble
what speech will chilren with a hearing impairment make?
Much more monosyllabic
What are the stages of hearing speech and language development between 12, 18, 20 months and 2-3 years?
12 months = Two or three words, other than dada or mama
18 months = locating parts of their body by responding to someone
20 months = Uses two or more words to make simple phrases
2.5-3 years = talks constantly in 2-4 word sentences
What do children with autism show?
Disordered speech and language development
Describe the changes which occur to emotional, social and behavioural development in children?
6 weeks = smiles responsively
6-8 months = puts food in mouth
10-7 months = waves bye bye and plays peak a boo
12 months = drinks from a cup using two hands
2 years = dry by day, pulls on some clothing, and involved in parallel play with other children
What are the patterns of abnormal development?
Slow but steady, plateau, regression
Describe the limit ages for different gross motor activities?
head control - 4 months
Sits unsupported - 9 months
Stands independntly - 12 Months
Walks independently - 18 months
What is the abnormal motor development by 2 months which could suggest cerebral palsy?
Unable to life head or push up on arms, stiff extended legs
Pushing back with head and constantly fisted hand and stiff leg on one side
Difficulty moving out this position
Describe the abnormal motor development which might be seen from 3-6 months?
Unable to lift head, floppy trunk but stiff arms and extended legs
Arms flexed and held back, with stiff legs
Excess tone in the lower limbs = lack of disinhibition = potentially early cerebral palsy
What would you see in a baby between 6-9 months with potential cerebral palsy which represent abnormal motor development?
Poor head control
Difficulty getting arms forward
Stiff legs and pointed toes
Rounded back
Poor Ability to lift head and take weight
What would you see in a baby between 9-13 months with potential cerebral palsy which represent abnormal motor development?
Not interested in weight bearing
difficulty pulling to stand
Stiff legs
Cannot crawl on hands and knees
May only use one side of the body to move
What would you see in a baby between 12-18 months with potential cerebral palsy which represent abnormal motor development?
Holding arms bent and both arms stiffly bent
Excessive tip toe gait
Sits with weight on one side and uses one hand for play
Hyperreflexia
Describe the fields of development with limit ages for vision and fine motor development?
Fixes and follows visually - 3 months
Reaches for obhjects - 6 months
Transfers - 9 months
Pincer grip 12 months
Describe the fields of development with limit ages for hearing speech and language development?
Polysyllabic babble = 7 months
Consonant babble = 10 months
Saying 6 words with meaning - 18 months
3 word sentances = 2 years
Describe the fields of development with limit ages for social emotional and behavioural development?
Smiles - 8 weeks
Fear of strangers - 10 months
Feeds using a spoon = 18 months
Symbolic play = 2-2.5 years
Interactive play - 3-3.5 years
what are the three components of the healthy child programme?
Screening, general exam / immunisation and health education and promotipon
what screening is done at less than 12 weeks into pregnancy?
Hbopathy, Rhesus, infection
What screening is done 12 weeks into pregnany?
US scan dating and nuchal scan = for downsyndrome
What screening is done 18-20 weeks into pregnancy
Detailed US scan
What screening is done for new borns?
Bloodspot, hearing and physical screens
What are the elements of health promotion?
Relationships, breast feeing, vaccination, reading, weaning, social and emotional etc
When are the child health reviews conducted?
first year review and second year review
Describe the screening which is done from age 3-19
4-5 = Vision
5-11 = share infomation about preschool background
11-16 = health review as school transition occurs
What review is done at 4-5 years?
School entry review
How do the health promotion priorities shift as child development occurs?
5-11 = Promote health weight
11-16 = sexual health as well
16-19 = promote physical activity
What are prenatal factors which might influence developing human?
Nutrition - folate which is needed for spinal cord development
Iron which is needed for brain development
What are perinatal factors which might influence developing human?
Delivery of the baby = oxygen deprivation, drugs used like aminoglycosides
What are postnatal factors which might influence developing human?
Trauma
Meningitis
What is one of the most important considerations when evaluating a child for abnormal development?
Parental concern
What are the factors which might influence developmental delay?
Ill Health
Lack of physical or psychological stimuli in family home
Sensory / Motor Impairment
Reduced inherent Potential
What are the two broad types of developmental delay?
Global = delay in all four domains
Specific = delay in either language, motor, sensory or cognitive
What are some causes of global delay?
Down Syndrome and Fragile X
Hypothyroidism, inborn errors of metabolism
Infections, drugs, trauma, chronic illness
Environmental-social issues
What are the causes of motor delay?
Cerebral palsy
down’s Syndrome
Congenital Hip Dislocation
Social deprivation
MDD
Neural tube defects - spina bifida
Hyrdocephalus
What are causes of language delay>?
Hearing loss
Learning diability
ASD
Lack of stimulation
Development Dysphasia
Stammer, dysarthia = impaired speech production
What are commonly used assessment tools for development?
Schedule of growing skills, griffits development scale, Bailey developmental scale and Denver
